Ziziphus mauritiana (LAM.) is a small, semi deciduous, drought resistant, usually spiny shrub or tree up to 12 m tall. The leaves are generally underutilized but the fruits for various purposes. Screening of leaves and fruits was conducted in 2018 to determine its nutritional and medicinal potential. The study evaluated phytochemical, proximate, mineral and antibacterial activity of the plant extracts. Qualitative phytochemical screening indicated high saponins in leaves and fruits, moderate alkaloids in fruits, trace flavonoids and tannins in leaves and fruits with trace alkaloids in fruits. Quantitative results (mg/100g dry weight) indicated saponins content of 92.65±6.20 and flavonoids (25.80±1.73) are higher in leaves whereas alkaloids content is more in fruits. No significant difference (P> 0.05) in tannins’ content of leaves (0.50±0.03) and fruits (0.30±0.02) but significantly higher alkaloids in fruits (3.40±0.23) than leaves (2.20±0.15). Proximate analysis revealed higher contents of Moisture (5.8±0.01), Ash (8.2±0.00), Crude Fibre (11.7±0.001) and Carbohydrates (34.05±0.00) in leaves, while fruits had significantly (P< 0.05) higher Crude protein (27.18±0.00) and Lipids (6.65±0.05). Mineral content’s analysis showed significantly (P< 0.05) higher sodium (154.79±10.50), potassium (389.08±10.69), manganese (2.0±0.14) and iron (1.21±0.15) in leaves, whereas fruits had significantly (P< 0.05) higher phosphorus (585.90±41.29), magnesium (7.0±0.12) and zinc (15.52±0.05). Antimicrobial screening indicated increase in zone of inhibition at higher concentrations of leaf and fruit extracts on the test organisms with greater effect in leaf than fruit extract. The observed nutritional and mineral constituents in both leaf and fruit of the plant indicate its potential for utilization in food and medicine.

This study was aimed at determining the heavy metal content and microbial loads of pipe borne water in Birnin Kebbi and Kalgo metropolis. Water was collected in sterilized sample bottles from public and private boreholes from different locations in Birnin Kebbi and Kalgo metropolis. The water samples were analyzed for the presence of selected heavy metals via Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy while standard procedures were used for the bacterial, coliform and yeast count. The results show that concentration of Lead was found to be above WHO limit (Pb ≤ 0.01 ppm), higher than the WHO limit for Iron (Fe ≤ 0.03 ppm) in all but those from Gwadangwaji and Tudun Wada areas of Birnin Kebbi and Illela yari area of Kalgo. Cadmium, which was only detected in samples from Illela yari and Ungwar jeji area of Kalgo metropolis higher than the WHO limits (Cd ≤ 0.003). Nickel was also detected in high concentration in some of the water samples while Copper and Chromium were within the WHO limit (Cu ≤ 1.0, Cr ≤ 0.003) in all the water samples. In the coliform detection test, all the samples revealed normal levels of coliform. Yeast was recorded above the normal range only in Haliru Abdu area of Birnin Kebbi whereas other samples were within the WHO limits. From the results of this study, it is concluded that the pipe-borne water supply from the majority of the sampled areas were contaminated with some heavy metals and Bacteria. It is therefore advised that, water from borehole need to be treated further before consumption in order to get rid of contaminants. Neglecting this might pose a significant public health risk.

Dambu Masara has been consumed in different parts of the world especially North western Nigeria. Its use is however limited to spoilage by microorganisms. This study was carried out to isolate and identify fungi species responsible for the spoilage of Dambu Masara in Birnin Kebbi. Two areas were selected for samples collection namely; Badariya and Go slow area all in Birnin Kebbi metropolis. Forty (40) samples of Dambu Masara were obtained in each sample site. A total of eighty (80) samples of dambu masara were collected all in all and analyzed. Using culture growth medium (Sabroud potato dextrose agar) and poured plate method fungi were analyzed. A total of five (5) fungal species were isolated and identified from the both samples as; Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor spp. The highest percentage of occurrences were obtained in A. niger (58.5%) while lowest were recorded A. fumigatus (2.1%). Base on locations, Go slow has the highest mold load of 83% while Badariya had the lowest 60%. Moulds are known to cause spoilage of Dambu products for the results obtained. Therefore when they are available in significant number, they lead to huge economic loss in addition to the pathogenic species causing health dangers. The implication of this study is that the process and quality of locally produced Dambu needs to be critically monitored to avoid transmission of infection to consumers.

Contamination of the environment by heavy metals is one of the major threats to water and soil as well as human health and phytoremediation has been used to remediate metal-contaminated sites. This study evaluated the remediation potential of Panicum virgatum, Ocimun basilicum and Luffa cylindrica growing on lead irrigated soil. The experiment consists of five levels of lead (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/L) and the three plants species laid out in Randomized Complete Design with four replicate. Plant root, stem, leaf and the soil samples were analyzed for lead content. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Biological Accumulation Coefficient (BAC) and Biological Transfer Coefficient (BCF) were calculated. The results obtained revealed that O. bacilicum and L. cylindrica had BTC, BAC and BC > I but P. virgatum had BTC < 1 which means that O. basilicum and L. cylindrica have the ability to accumulate and translocate lead in their tissues and P. virgatum had limited ability to translocate the metal. The results revealed that lead content in plant tissues is differ significantly (p<0.05) with concentration, species and plant parts. Turkey simultaneous test showed that L. cylindrica was significantly different with O. basilicum and P. virgatum (p<0.05), and O. bacilicum was significantly different with P. virgatum (p<0.05). The lead content in leave is significantly different as compared with stem and root including growing media (p<0.05). Root length is also significantly different with soil and stem. The study recommends the use of all plants in phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil and considered L. cylindrica and O. basilicum as hyperaccumulators.

Flyback is the most used and popular topology in DC -DC converters for its advantages of galvanic isolation, simple control technique and design simplicity. It enables additional design freedom that can be used to achieve high voltage boost ability; varying turns ratio, low ports count and multiple voltage outputs.This paper presents the design and methods of development of a single input multiple outputs (SIMO) flyback DC – DC converter prototype developed using ferrite-core magnetic transformer. The number of turns, serving as function of output voltages was used to obtain output voltages of 24V, 15V, 12V and 5V. The proposed flyback converter was fabricated. A miniaturized developed prototype with multiple outputs for off-grid photovoltaic application on DC gadgets was tested and analyzed; little variation of output voltages was recorded between the experimental and calculated values which is due to discrepancies in components’ variations. The proposed prototype has 91.9 percent efficiency

The Computer-based test has become a handy tool in delivering examinations in our institutions of learning, and it has proven to reduce the time taken in marking and releasing results, improve teacher’s productivity, and reduce malpractice during the tests. Various techniques to further reduce malpractice while taking CBT examinations have been proposed, and one of them is to randomize the questions such that adjacent students will not have the same question sequence, and thus, reduce copying and cheating during the exams. The research hypothesized that randomizing questions and/or options could pose tests and other emotional anxieties to students; most especially on those given difficult questions first compared to those with easier questions first - which in turn could greatly affect the performance of the students. Two hundred and sixty-four (264) participants that took a course on Introduction to Computing were recruited and then divided them into three groups. The first group took CBT exams with the same sequencing of questions and the second group took the exams with random sequencing of questions with difficult questions first and the last group took the exams with random sequencing with easy questions first. The study found that the students in the first group performance are higher than those in the latter groups. The research recommends that instructors should balance the nature of sequencing the randomized CBT questions to reduce the anxieties that affect the students when considering giving examinations online.

Sitophilus zeamais is ranked among insects causing the greatest damage in stored to maize grains in most parts of the tropical and sub-tropical countries. The activities of the pests are so destructive that damage ranging from 20 to 90% has been recorded on the untreated maize. The current work focus on bacteriological isolation and identification of bacteria found in the gut of S. zeamias. Hetetrophic plate counts was carried out using pour plate method, morphological features of the bacterial by colonies appearance on the plate media and identification by microscope and biochemical test. The results showed that nutrient agar plate had Total heterotrophic bacteria count of 33x10 7 cfu/ml, Total Enterobacter count in MaCconkey agar was 17x10 7 cfu/ml and the Total coliform count in Eosin Methylene Blue agar was 32x10 -7 cfu/ml. Five (5) different bacteria from the gut adults S. zeamais were isolated. The members of the genera isolated were Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families were isolated from S. zeamais. The results of biochemical tests conducted revealed the present of E. coli, Enterobacter sp, Acetobacter spp. Bacillus spp. and Gluconobacter spp. This study confirms that the gut of S. zeamais harboured. The bacteria isolated produces enzymes capable of degrades chitin, a structural polysaccharide in maize grains. Thus, the S. zeamais and the microorganisms inhabiting the gut share a highly symbiotic relationship.

The present study investigate the effects of monthly variation on limnological parameters on phytoplankton’s distribution in Kalgo River of Kebbi State. Water samples was collected in three stations (upstream, midstream and downstream) with a planktons net by scooping at 20cm depth. Part of the samples was preserved with 4% formalin for analysis of physiocochemical parameters and the other part was preserved using Lugos Iodine for analysis of phytoplanktons using standard methods. Temperature ranges from 20.10±0.67oC to 28.40±0.40oC, pH from 6.20±0.21 to 7.17±0.07, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) ranges from 3.33±0.15mg/l to 6.20±0.12mg/l and 14.40±0.26mg/l to 16.07±0.46mg/l respectively. Electric conductivity (EC) ranges from 46.60±32.7µs/l to 805.4±24.9µs/l, NO2 0.27±0.03mg/l to 0.48±0.13mg/l and PO4 ranges from0.15±0.03mg/l to 0.20±0.02mg/l. the results of phytoplanktons indicated that twenty two species belonging to six classes was identified, class Cyanophyceae had 36.52 per cent, followed by Bacillariophyceae with 33.04 per cent, Chlorophyceae 21.74 per cent and the least individuals was observed in Fragilariophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae each with 2.61 per cent. Species composition was found higher in midstream (43.48 per cent), followed by upstream (29.57 per cent) and least species was recorded in downstream (26.96 per cent). February (27) recorded the highest phytoplanktons species, followed by January and December each with (14) species while the least species was observed in May, June and July each had (4) species and August record ed (3) species. Monthly physicochemical parameters was significantly (P<0.05) affected phytoplankton distribution. Physicochemical parameters and human activities such as fishing, swimming, washing and farming activities affect the distribution and abundan ce of phytoplanktons. Further studies should be conducted on the phytoplankton’s diversity

In order to accelerate the convergence of the classical iterative schemes, such as Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel and SOR, for the solution of the linear system Ax = c, several classes of preconditioners have been introduced. The present work proposes a preconditioner of the class J + T applied to the classical SOR iterative matrix for linear systems with an irreducible L-matrix as the coefficient matrix. Convergence conditions for the preconditioned system are derived and analysed using standard procedures available in literature. Comparison of results for various spectral radii obtained from numerical experiments proved to be in agreement with the theorems advanced.

Nigeria has several native leafy vegetables that have been neglected. Corchorus olitorius belongs to this group. Genetic diversity was studied in five accessions of the plant using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS - PAGE). The aim was to determine relationship (differences and similarities) among them. Sixteen polypeptide bands were obtained ranging from 12.29 KDa to 170 KDa indicating variations in the banding patterns of the accessions. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic algorithm (UPGMA) dendrogram grouped the five accessions into three clusters with four groups showing 60 per cent of the accessions in one group. The greatest similarity (96 per cent) observed was between NGB00196 and NGB00194 while the lowest similarities (32 per cent) NGB00191 and (40 per cent) NGB00187. Adopting this technology can be useful in plant variety identification and registration of new plant varieties. NGB00191 was observed to be distantly related to the other accessions hence could be combined in a breeding programme.

Contaminated water is a global public health threat placing people at high risk of a host of diarrhoeal and other illnesses. The study determines the physicochemical Parameters and bacteriological analysis of hand dung-well water across seasons. A total of twenty (20) samples were taken in the study area. Temperature, pH, Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Sulphate (SO4) and Chloride (CL-) ion concentrations are the physicochemical parameters determined. The result revealed the maximum pH value of 8.20 to 8.00, DO ranges from 88.3mg/l to 7.5mg/l and BOD revealed 14.57mg/l and 14.87mg/l in dried and raining season respectively. SO42-mg/l concentration in the water sample revealed 52.00 to 8.10 during the raining and dry season while Cl-ion concentration revealed 19.72mg/l to 11.30mg/l during the raining and dried season. The Total viable count (TVC) of 4.33x106cfu/ml and 5.7x106cfu/ml, Total coliform count (TCC) of 3.14X106cfu/ml and 2.67x106cfu/ml fecal coliform count (FCC) of 6.0x106cfu/ml and 2.0x106cfu/ml were analysed at dried and raining seasons respectively. The bacteria isolated were Streptococci spp 2(15.38%), Enterobacter spp 3(23.10%), Salmonella spp 2 (15.38%) and E. coli, Staphylococcus spp, Proteus spp, Klebseilla spp, Bacillus spp and Shigella spp. Enterobacter spp 3(23.10%) and Salmonella spp 3(27.27%) are the most frequently bacterial isolated across seasons throughout the sampling period. The water used for public consumption is unsafe for drinking.

The study examined detoxification, diversification and branding of local food commodities need for increased consumer awareness on patent and job creation to end hunger and poverty. Nigerian families especially the teaming population of youths in the last decade has suffered massive unemployment rate resulting in prolonged hunger, poverty and frustration. Hence, the creation of awareness on detoxification, diversification and branding of the local food commodities that could create employment reduce hunger and poverty among the population. The study aimed at creating awareness on detoxification, diversification and branding of available local food commodities through processing, creating employment opportunities to eradicate poverty, end hunger and enhance longevity and quality of life. The paper examined the skill in branding of food commodity which involves the processes, the commodity will undergo before being sold or traded in the market; explored detoxification as a process of removing unwholesome substances from food during processing while diversification of food commodities via biodiversity and processing into different forms and brands. Three major local food commodities (cassava, plantain and fluted pumpkin) were the focus of this study because of availability and rate of consumption in Umuahia environment of Abia State. The various methods of processing into different forms and brands where examined. The study identified peeling, slicing, dewatering, drying and milling in cassava and plantain as major skills, whereas plucking, cutting, drying and shredding for pumpkin is a major skill such that the different chains involved in processing of these food commodities (cassava, plantain and green vegetable (Pumpkin) as a brand for consumption could be very lucrative if commercialized especially with nutritional information on the removal of toxic substances (detoxifications). The process of branding each product has its own skill as well as detoxification and diversifying into various sub products and diet formulation which is another skill and entirely new area of research. Established companies could buy the franchise or support the production thereby expanding the brand and creating more job opportunities.

This study investigated seasonal variation of groundwater quality indices in irrigation watershed of Hadejia located along Hadejia River Basin of Jigawa State. Six transects, oriented perpendicular to the river channel were established within 1 km2 in each site. Three tube wells were sampled and positioned along each transect at regular intervals, making a total of 18 wells. Six irrigation water quality indices (EC, SAR, MH, PI, %Na and KR) were computed and results were presented using ORIGIN software. Results showed that with the exception of EC and RSC which put the water under doubtful to unsuitable classes, all other indices put the water in the excellent to good classes for irrigation. However, the results also show that the suitability of the water is lower in the dry season than in the rainy season. This is because the dry season was found to have more concentration of these parameters than in the rainy season, suggesting the impact of evaporation which causes these parameters to precipitate in the groundwater during the dry season. Groundwater samples in the area are suitable only for tolerant and semi-tolerant crops in all the seasons of the year. Thus, highly sensitive crops to salinity such as onion and carrot may be affected by the present salinity condition of the water. Monitoring the suitability of groundwater quality indices is recommended in order to detect changes that require modifications in the management options for proper planning.

This article focuses on the reliability of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) in the acquisition of basic data and methods that are used to monitor and manage vegetation resources. Landsat MSS satellite images, Landsat Operational land imager and field survey were the materials and methods used for the study. Results of the analysis revealed that woodland (6.5%) and crop/bare land (8.1%) experience a steady decreasing trend. The findings further showed that the annual rate of change for crop/bare land is alarming culminating to about plus 50% within the period of study while that of woodland and grassland has been minus 15.59% and 3.9% respectively. In view of the valuable status of vegetation cover in the provision of food, shelter, wildlife habitat, fuel, daily supplies and medicinal ingredients and paper, monitoring of vegetation cover and its growth is indispensable.

Hydrogeophysical Investigation was carried out in some selected parts of Kalgo area of North Western Nigeria, using Electrical resistivity method. Eight Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out with Schlumberger configuration. The instrument used is ABEM SAS 300C Terrameter. The field data obtained were analyzed and interpreted using IPI2win and Surfer 12 which gave an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity data. Sounding curve obtained from the study area showed three geoelectrical layers which are the brown clay/ironstone (5 Ωm to 1500Ωm), coarse sand (2400 Ωm to 108 Ωm) and sandstone (9Ωm to 968 Ωm). The results showed that the saturated groundwater bearing units (aquifer) lie within the intermediate (sandstone) geoelectric layers. However, the groundwater potential in the study area was classified into high and low groundwater zones. High groundwater potential zones were found at VES 02 and 03. The layer forms the aquifer due to its low resistivity 304 Ωm and thickness value of 47.7m at depth of 49.7m. These revealed the occurrence of groundwater in the environment due to largely occurrence of porosity and permeability resulting from sandstone of the rocks.

This study was undertaken to find out if processing the bulb of underutilized Jackfruit into homemade drinks and the seeds for stiff porridge can boast its consumption and utilization through the sensory assessment that was conducted in the course of this research. Experimental research design was employed in this study. Twenty semi-trained panellist, students and staff of the department of home economics was used for the sensory assessment. The attributes was rated on a nine point hedonic scale where 9 was the highest score (like extremely) and 1 the lowest score (dislike extremely). The result of this study showed that the sensory properties of the stiff porridges produced revealed that acceptable stiff porridges were produced from both wheat and jackfruit seed flours. The stiff porridges produced were similar in all organoleptic properties; however wheat stiff porridge scored higher in appearance, aroma, taste and general acceptability. The result also showed that the jackfruit juice with lemon had the highest score for most organoleptic properties except for taste as the jackfruit juice scored higher.

The lack of pipe-bone water and ephemeral nature of the streams in the study area necessitates the utilization of groundwater for domestic use. To efficiently harness groundwater resources, the presence and depths of aquifers needs to be determined before drilling, this is best achieved by resistivity method of geophysical exploration. Previous work in the study area have shown that the water in the study area is safe for drinking and other domestic activities but the distribution and depths to groundwater aquifers have not been reported. This study is aimed at determining the presence and depths of groundwater aquifers at different locations in the study area. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique using schlumberger array was used to acquire the data at twenty six (26) different locations (VES station/point). The acquired data were processed using WinResist 2 software which gives a sounding curve, the number of geoelectric layers, thickness of the layers and their depths from the surface. The results shows that most parts of the study area are underlain by three to four geoelectric layers: high (> 90 Ωm) and fairly-high resistivity (40.9 – 74.4 Ωm) layers which are mostly encountered either close to the surface or deep down, medium resistivity (11.5 – 39.9 Ωm) layers and low resistivity (0.6 – 10.6 Ωm) layers which are suspected to be aquifers. The thickness of these geoelectric layers range from 0.6 m to 27.1 m. The fairly-high resistivity layers mostly consists the overburden while the high resistivity layers are suspected to be either crystalline rocks or highly indurated sedimentary rocks. Most parts of the study area are rich in groundwater and the aquifers are found within the porous and permeable sandstones of the Bima Group in the sedimentary areas, while overburden and fractured crystalline aquifers are found in areas underlain by the crystalline rocks at a depth range of 20 – 40 m.

The interpretation of 15 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) and Electrical Profiling data was carried out within Birnin Kebbi and Environs NW, Nigeria. This is an attempt to investigate the possibility of anomalous location for Kaolinitic-Clay and Laterite deposit as essential solid minerals and the geologic characteristics of the subsurface within the study area. Terrameter (SAS) model 300 was the instrument used. No booster was used as the expected depth is within the range of penetration of the instrument. The interpretation was performed using computer softwares (AGI EarthImager 1D and Surfer). The interpreted results were used to produce geoelectric section and specialized map. The survey results indicate that the area is underlain by three to four subsurface layers namely: Topsoil, Weathered lateritic-overburden, Fractured and fresh bedrock. The results of the interpreted VES data showed that the saturated bearing layer (aquifer) lie within the weathered and fractured basement of the predominantly four-layered geoelectric structure. The thickness of the overburden varied from 3.2-.11.3m with an average of 7.6m. VES points 06, 10, 11 and 12 were found to be suitable locations to exploit industrial minerals such as laterite and kaolin

Nutritional assessment is the process used to evaluate nutritional status, identify disorders of nutrition, and determine which individuals need nutrition instruction and or nutrition support. The current study was conducted in Birnin Kebbi Orphanage Home to assess dietary pattern and nutritional status of the children. A questionnaire was used to collect data on socio -economic status, hygiene practices; 3-day and 24-hour foods re-call. Body parts were measured and examined for signs of malnutrition. Blood samples were collected to evaluate some biochemical and haematological parameters. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and Student’s t-test using SPSS version 20 and ENA SMART software. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 60 Percent, 25 Percent, 37.5 Percent respectively. A few of the children (7.5 Percent) had a MUAC less than 11.5cm while 7.5 Percent had between 11.5- 12.5cm (Acute malnutrition). Physical signs of protein energy malnutrition were observed in 60 Percent of the children, while conjunctiva pallor was noticed in 30 Percent and angular stomatitis in 2.5 Percent of the children. Biochemical analysis revealed that 58.82 Percent have low serum total protein, while 52.9 Percent have low serum albumin and 29.41 Percent were anaemic. All the children have low levels of total cholesterol, while (52.94 Percent) have low levels of HDL and 17.64 Percent have low levels of triglyceride. Dietary pattern reveals that starchy cereals account for a greatest percentage of the foods consumed by the children. The current study has established sub optimal nutritional status among the children in the orphanage, which may be attributed to poor infant and young child feeding practices.

The quest for antioxidants of plant origin is growing at a massive rate due to their efficacy and affordability. This study examined the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activities of methanol leaf extracts of Musanga cercropioides and Maesobotrya barteri. Standard methods were used to determine the phytochemical constituents of the leaves extracts. In vitro antioxidant activity of the methanol plant extracts was determined by a broad spectrum of antioxidant assays. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, coumarins, phenols and terpenoids in both plants. The quantitative analyses of the phytochemicals showed that M. cercropioides had higher levels (p < 0.05) of total phenol, total tannins, proanthocyanidin and lower total flavonoids as against M. barteri. DPPH scavenging activities of M. cercropioides (IC50 of 1.22.75 ± 0.046 mg/ml) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of M. barteri (IC50 of 1.95.75±0.023 mg/ml) but lower than that of ascorbic acid standard (IC50 0.15±0.003). M. cercropioides extracts had significantly higher (p < 0.05) capacity to reduce ferric ions to the ferrous form and also inhibit lipid peroxidation when compared with M. barteri. However, the reducing potential of M. cercropioides was comparable to the Ascorbic acid standard but significantly higher than that of M. barteri extracts. The study suggests that M. cercropioides and M. barteri contain bioactive compounds that may be effective in the management of oxidative stress related diseases.

The work was aimed at studying the Synergistic effect of alkaloid and saponin compound of the Vernonia amygdalina against Escherichia coli. Ethanol and aqueous were used as solvent for crude extraction. The antibacterial activities of the alkaloid, saponin and their synergistic effect were carried out at varying concentration of 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml, using agar well diffusion method. The result of this study indicate that, ethanolic extract shows higher anti-bacterial activity at 100mg/ml concentration (11.29 mm) compared to aqueous extract (9.24mm) against the test bacteria. It also showed that the anti-bacterial activity of the alkaloid content of the Vernonia amygdalina at 100 mg/ml (11.01mm) was better than that of saponin (9.32mm). The result revealed that synergistic effect of alkaloid and saponin at concentration 100 mg/ml (15.41mm) was better than the individual compounds. The result demonstrates the possibility of using the alkaloid and saponin compounds synergistically in the treatment of disease associated with Escherichia coli

Fungi associated with the spoilage of bread in Birnin Kebbi were investigated and identified. Three different bread samples were collected in Birnin Kebbi metropolis namely; Kampala, Karama and Adalci bread. Each bread was kept sealed and exposed for 7days at different locations under ambient environmental conditions of Relative humidity and room temperature and observed daily for spoilage. The organisms obtained to be associated with the spoilage of bread were Aspergillus niger, Mucor racemous, Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus flavus, A. terries, Cephlosporium species, and Paecilomyces species. Percentage of occurrence varies from 17.30% to 8.75%. Since these fungi are known to produce aflatoxin. However, from the data and results obtained in this research, bread was shown to be seriously contaminated after 7 days and is unfit for human consumption as a result of the growth of these toxic producing different fungal species due to improper storage facilities and which would cause toxin which can cause serious health problem to human beings and even animals when consumed.

This case study is specifically aimed at testing the applicability limits in the near-shore areas of the open ocean equations upon which the OF-Mod 3D used in this study is based. The study was carried out using surface sediments from the Benguela upwelling system. Rock-Eval data used in this study was obtained from unpublished studies on surface sediments and suspended particulate matter carried out in the area along multiple transects (University of Berlin, DSDP Project). Marine primary productivity values ranging 70 – 370 (gC/m2yr) were used in three different productivity scenarios to simulate organic carbon (OC) deposition in the Benguela upwelling area. Two sets of equations (Mann, 2008)and(Müller and Suess, 1979) were used separately to generate results which were then compared with the measured results. The results show under the high productivity scenario that the two equations have different OC distribution on the shelf is generally < 2 percent for both equations except around the Walvis cell. OC distribution on the upper and lower slope for (Mann, 2008) averages around 3.5 percent (wt) and < 2 percent (wt) respectively, whereas OC distribution for (Müller and Suess, 1979) equations on the upper and lower slope averages 6 and 4 percent (wt) respectively. This indicates a general underestimation of OC. The software performance at water depths <100m was not so good. At water >100m, there were many intervals where the software works very well (difference of ≤ 20 percent between measured and modelled values) and at some intervals not so well (>20 percent).

Welders are at a high risk of having occupational-related eye injuries as a result of exposure to harmful radiations. The purpose of this study was to assess welders’ awareness of occupational safety hazards and utilization of personal protective devices and to know the current level of eye safety practices among welders in Alimosho LGA of Lagos State, Nigeria. Questionnaires were completed by four hundred and seventeen (417) welders in Alimosho LGA, Lagos State. The results obtained showed that 93.3% wear protective devices while 6.7% did not wear. The types of welding performed were arc welding (55.2%), oxyacetylene gas welding (43.9%), and 0.9 % performed others. The duration of practice in the welding industry ranged from 1->12 years with a mean of 3.97 ± 1.07 years and the duration of welding in a day ranged from 1->9 hours with a mean of 3.86 ± 1.01hours. The most common eye devices used by the respondents were safety goggles (52.5%), face mask (41.7%) and helmet (5.8%). There was a high level of awareness and average frequency of utilization of protective devices among these welders. The Nigerian government and the welders association should organize work-related safety training programs for welders.

Charcoal is dark grey residue consisting of Carbon and any remaining ash, produced by the slow process of heating wood and other substances in the absence of oxygen, called Pyrolysis. It is a cheap source of fuel to purchase and use but not without some challenges. This paper highlights the significance of charcoal production around the world, its roles in the economy of communities, and major challenges. Ibarapa Region of Oyo State in Western Nigeria is used as a case study. It is in eight major parts: Introduction and the world scene; typicality of Ibarapa Region of Nigeria; predominant methods of production; types and uses of charcoal; challenges to the communities and the nations; the place of Environmental Adult Education for sustainable production, transportation and consumption; and discussion, conclusion, and recommendations. The work uses essentially secondary sources of data and information. Charcoal production at a sub-industrial level is one of the causes of deforestation and environmental degradation. While it is regulated to a great extent in the developed world, it is illegally and nearly absolutely unregulated in the others such as in Brazil and Nigeria where production is largely illegal industry. The consequences have been devastating. Adult Environmental Education may generally take place in formal and non-formal education settings whereby organized learning can take place in many forms.

This work seeks to assess the challenges of school feeding programmes in Southeastern Nigeria with reference to Anambra State. A multi stage cluster sampling technique was used to select 15 public primary schools from 15 different local government areas in Anambra State. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the 316 children from the schools register. A convenience sampling technique was used to select 50 teachers and 30 caterers. SPSS (Version 21) was used for the analysis.Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage, Mean and standard deviation) and chi-square tests were obtained. Results show that 84.0% of the teachers graded the school feeding program average.Majority (70.9%) of the children skipped meals.Many (36.7%) of the caterers reported inadequate supply of food stuffs as a major challenge to the effectiveness of school feeding program while 23.3% reported regular hike in food prices and inadequate storage facility as the major challenge to the effectiveness of school feeding program. Majority (94.0%) of them agreed that school farm could contribute to school feeding program.This study recommends government’s urgent investment in school farms as this will also enhance learning while also providing produce which could be channeled to the school feeding program thereby ensuring sustainability.

The study investigated demographic precursors of spontaneous abortion and preventive strategies among childbearing mothers in Owerri Senatorial Zone, Imo State, Nigeria. Five research questions and three null hypotheses guided the study. The correlational research design was adopted for the study. The sample was 520 childbearing mothers (CBMs) drawn randomly from a population of 742,576 CBMs in Owerri Senatorial Zone, Imo State. Researchers’-structured Demographic Precursors of Spontaneous Abortion Questionnaire (DPSAQ) was used for data collection. Percentages were used to answer research questions one and five, phi (  ) correlation coefficient was used to answer research questions 2-4 while Chi-square (χ2) statistic was used to test the null hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The results among others indicated that CBMs had spontaneous abortion (32.2%). Level of education was significantly associated with spontaneous abortion. Age and parity were not significantly associated with spontaneous abortion among CBMs. Based on these findings; spontaneous abortion preventive strategies were formulated and adjudged appropriate by experts. Among the preventive strategies were health education of mothers on the danger signs of spontaneous abortion, such as: vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain and back pain, provision of pregnancy counseling to women that had spontaneous abortion in the past, and providing community health education to positively influence the knowledge of pregnant women towards PRCs such as spontaneous abortion using seminar, conferences, and health talks. The authors recommended among others that health educators should adopt appropriate preventive strategies to intensify awareness in order to reduce pregnancy-related complications and other maternal health problems.

Microscopic examination of pollen grains determined the botanical origin and geographical location of honey. This study was aimed at determining the botanical sources of honey using qualitative and quantitative pollen analysis. Ten grams (10g) of honey was diluted with 8ml of distilled water and centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for ten minutes, and the sediments were used to analyse the pollen microscopically. Three thousand six hundred and ninety-two (3692) pollens belonging to fifteen (15) plant species were identified. Among the pollen types, Azacdirachta indica and Aspilia africana were found in all the samples. Azadirachta indica was found to be higher ranging from 27.23% to 47.98%, while Coffea arabica and poacea was rare. Samples A, B and E were classified as unifloral honey with Azadirachta indica dominating the pollen assemblage, with a 47.96%, 51.21% and 45.12% relative frequency respectively. Samples C and D are multi-floral honey with a diverse assemblage of frequency classes of pollen and no dominant pollens. The result of pollen analysis showed a wide variety of botanical sources of honey. It is recommended that the pollen analysis of the honey sample produced in the area should be conducted

Tomato is a model plant for studying the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance. Responses of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) to various concentrations of salt and changes in some protein expression levels were investigated. Seeds of three (3) varieties of tomato namely, Roma vf, Rio Grande and UC 82 B were germinated on a nursery bed and seedlings were transferred to polythene bags supplemented with 0, 20, 40 and 60 mM NaCl. After 24 days, growth parameters, floral number, free Proline content, Glycine betaine content, shoot dry weight were measured using standard methods and procedures. Leaf samples were collected for protein extraction and the alterations in expression levels induced in leaf proteins under salt stress treatments were studied by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. Increasing concentration of NaCl decreased in all growth parameters (floral number, number of leaves, plant height and dry weight) evaluated. Free Proline and Glycine betaine content increased significantly (P < 0.05) in salt-treated plants compared with the control. The content ranges from 1.56-1.99 mM in Roma vf, 1.32-1.99 mM in UC 82 B, and 1.77-1.99 mM, 1.95-1.99mM in Rio Grande. SDS-PAGE showed up-regulation of at least nine proteins with a molecular weight of 46, 35, 25 and 12 kD in leaves of UC 82 B, 45, 25, 19 and 17 kD in leaves of Roma vf and 38 kD in leaves of Rio Grande. At least three proteins with a molecular weight of 29 kD in leaves of Roma vf and 45 and 53 kD in leaves of Rio Grande were down-regulated. From the results of this study, it was observed that Tomato Roma vf is more tolerant to salt stress followed by UC 82 B and the Rio Grande, and therefore could be selected as the salt-tolerant variety to ameliorate production loss.

This research is aimed at providing a cost-effective technique for groundwater exploration in Zaria and its Environs. The study made use of Remote Sensing data to generate thematic maps of a slope, water body proximity and drainage and lineament density. Maps of Geology and Soil were used to generate thematic maps of geology and soil respectively. The pair-wise comparison method was used to weight the thematic layers, while modelling was done by weighted overlay technique in a GIS environment. Results revealed three groundwater potential zones of low potential; medium potential zone; and high potential areas, which was chiefly control by high lineament density and close water body proximity within the study area. In terms of areal extent, the low potential, medium potential and high groundwater potential zones cover 48, 580, and 41 Km2, respectively. Validation of the model using dry season groundwater configuration map and flow directions showed reasonable agreement, while field data shows a correlation with other similar works in other parts of Nigeria. It was thus recommended that the techniques should be tested in other parts of the country and adopted in delineating groundwater potential zones because of its effectiveness

The in-vitro antifungal activity of Daniellia oliveri Rolfe leaf extracts was investigated against some selected dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum audouinii). Water and methanol were used to extract the powdered leaf using cold water method infusion at concentrations 25, 50 and 100% were tested against the fungal isolates . Antifungal activity was assessed by agar well diffusion method and phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard procedures. The plant extracts was found to be active against the test organisms at 25-100mg/ml as the ethanol extracts were found to be more active than the aqueous extracts with the highest inhibition against T. rubrum compared to M. audouinii with an MIC values of 3.125 and 200mg/ml respectively. M. audouinii was the least inhibited among the fungal strains. The antifungal activity of the extracts (water and ethanol) increased with increase in concentration. Analysis of Variance revealed higher significant inhibitory effects of both ethanol and aqueous extracts at both concentration 25, 50 and respectively 100% for the fungal isolates. There was significant difference in the grand mean inhibitory effect of both ethanol and aqueous extract on the test fungi at P = 0.05. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, anthraquinones, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids and saponins. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the presence of the above phytochemical compound in D. oliveri may be responsible for the antifungal activities exhibited by the plants against the test organisms. The antifungal activity of Daniellia oliveri showed in this study indicated that the plant could be useful in the development of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of the potential fungal infections.

This study determined the attitude of the personal health of primary schools pupils in Maiduguri Metropolis in Borno State of North-Eastern Nigeria. The cross-sectional survey research design was employed. Maiduguri Metropolitan Council has thirtyseven primary schools with enrolment population of sixty-eight thousand, nine hundred and twenty-four pupils. Dip hand bowl random sampling procedure was employed to select the schools for this study, eight (8) schools while Stratified sampling and Dip hand bowl sampling procedure were used to identify and select each class that was sampled and Proportionate sampling procedure was employed to assign number of questionnaires to be administered to each school and classes selected. Descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage to explain the demographic characteristics while inferential statistics of chi-square was employed to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The significant difference in attitudes towards personal health of Primary School Pupils and the difference between male and female primary school pupils of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State. Based on the findings stakeholders of the primary schools in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council should provide facilities that are adequate and suitable for the promotion of good personal health practices. For example hand washing facilities (bowl, water, soap and hand sanitizer).

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistomiasis in two villages of Shinkafi Local Government Area, Zamfara state. A total of two hundred (200) urine samples were examined for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium using standard filtration technique. The overall prevalence of 48.5% was obtained in this study. However, the highest prevalence of 58.00% was recorded in Shanawa. For gender-specific prevalence, males were found to have the highest prevalence of 49.29%, and people within the age group of 11-20 years had the highest prevalence of 55.55%. The mean eggs count for the whole study area was 87.03 eggs/10ml of urine. Shanawa had the highest mean eggs count of 132.17 eggs/10ml than the other village. The age-specific intensity showed that age group 1120 years had the highest mean egg count of 103.24 eggs/10ml. In sex-specific intensity, the highest mean eggs count was recorded in males 88.41 eggs/10ml than in females with 86.50 eggs/10ml. This study indicates that, the study area is endemic for urinary schistosomiasis and therefore, there is the need for Government intervention to effectively treat and control the disease in the area.

This study was to assess the attitude of hand washing behaviour among school children otherwise known as pupils with special reference to Kaduna State in Northern Nigeria. The study employed the ex-post factor Research design. The population comprises of all public and private primary school pupils in Kaduna state which give a total of one million two hundred and ninety-three thousand six hundred and twenty-six (1,293,526). Stratified random sampling technique was used to stratified the state in three senatorial districts and two local governments from each senatorial district were selected using simple random sampling while proportional sampling was used in selecting the respondents. Sample of seven hundred and sixty (760) copies of the questionnaire was used for data analysis. The frequencies and sample percentage were used for the demographic characteristics of the respondents while descriptive statistics which comprises of mean and standard deviation were used for the research questions answered. The formulated hypotheses analysed was inferential statistics t-test statistics and were tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The findings revealed that the attitude of hand washing behaviour among primary school pupils was significant. It was recommended that the school authority should further encourage the improvement of the attitude of primary school pupils towards hand washing after visiting the toilet, before and after eating or and their normal activities through further enlightenment programmes.

A preliminary geophysical investigation involving high-resolution shallow seismic reflection was conducted at an abandoned coal mine site located in the outskirt of Johannesburg. The main objective of the study was to compare the vertical resolution of two vertical geophone types, in order to choose the appropriate geophone type that will be suitable for subsurface delineation of dolerite sills that are commonly associated with coal deposits in South Africa. Two vertical geophones with different resonant frequencies of 48 Hz and 100 Hz were compared during the investigation. The acquisition geometry and the data processing sequence were the same for the data acquired with the two geophone types along with a profile where a borehole had confirmed the presence of an intrusive dolerite sill. The results of the investigation show that both geophone types have a similar vertical resolution as they are both able to resolve the intrusive dolerite sill which is about 13 m in thickness.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus constitutes part of the growing health problem associated with chemotherapy because they are more difficult to treat and could transfer drug resistance to other bacteria. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among Microbiology students in federal university Birnin Kebbi (FUBK). A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of MRSA among microbiology students of FUBK was conducted. A total of 50 nasals and 50 skin swabs were collected from the participants. The samples were inoculated directly on to mannitol salt agar and incubated for 24 hours at 370C. The positive plates were sub cultured on nutrient agar. The bacterial species were identified using staining techniques and biochemical tests. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were screened for methicillin resistance using 5μg/ml Oxacillin disc on Mueller Hinton agar plate. Out of the 100 swab samples analyzed, 56 (56%) Staphylococci were recovered from the culture, 16 of which (16%) were identified by biochemical tests and gram stain to be Staphylococcus aureus. However, the remaining 45 (45%) were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). Out of 16 S. aureus isolates, 15 (94%) strains of MRSA were identified using sensitivity tests, 14 (93%) were recovered from anterior nares, and only 1 (7%) from skin. Among the S. aureus strains, 14 strains (87.5%) were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin, 12 strains (75%) to Nitrofurantoin and 3 strains (19%) to Gentamicin. The isolated MRSA strains showed multidrug resistance. They were all resistant to Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Augmentin and Cefoxime. The result of this study shows the prevalence of MRSA . Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin and Nitrofurantoin were the most sensitive antibiotics. This study suggests that indiscriminate use of antibiotics is among the predisposing factors to these multi-drug resistant bacteria.

The study assessed occurrence and distribution of African Mistletoe (Lorantheceae) in Sokoto Metropolis, northwestern Nigeria between February and July, 2015. Seven (7) different study locations with occurrence of the mistletoe-bearing trees were studied. Host trees and Loranthus were identified and examined accordingly using standard methods. Results have indicated highest occurrence of the mistletoe in Azadirachta indica with 45.99% and its lowest occurrence in Ceiba pentandra with 2.08%. Overall, eleven (11) tree species had mistletoes on them with different levels of infestation among the species. Similarly, different locations have shown different levels of the mistletoe occurrence with variations in the number of infested trees. UDUS Main Campus with seven (7) tree species infected had the highest infestation of 21.66% but Runjin Sambo with no fewer than eight (8) infected tree species had the second highest infestation of 20.18%. The least infected of all the study locations is Gagi with an infestation level of 6.53% and five (5) tree species infected. This is lower than Farfaru with 9.20% infestation and only four (4) species infected. Vegetative crowns of all the mistletoes observed were apparently, ball-shaped (54.70%), irregularshaped (28.60%) or triangular-shaped (16.60%). The feeding preference of bird mutualists to the host tree species and/or the associated mistletoe could be responsible for the higher mistletoe’s infestations in some tree species than others. Moreover, tree populations having closer proximity to water bodies probably attracted more pollinator birds, responsible for the transfer of mistletoe seeds and causing higher infestations on tree populations in the affected areas.

A total of twenty (20) vertical electrical sounding locations were occupied using the Schlumberger electrode configuration in the Billiri and its environs. The study was aimed at evaluating the aquifer characteristics and groundwater potential as well as assessing its potential risk to contaminant seepage in terms of the aquifer hydraulic properties and protective capacity of the overburden rock materials using Dar zarouk parameters. The results show a lithology that is dominated by sands of various grades with no significant delineable intercalating clay/shale impermeable bed. The study area is characterized by low values of the Protective capacities Pc, of the overburden rock materials and high aquifer porosities and transmissivities. The low value of the protective capacities makes the aquifer system in the area highly vulnerable to surface contamination. High porosity and transmissivity value of the aquifer materials implies highly permeable aquifers with significant storagetivity, which enhances the migration and circulation of contaminants within the groundwater system over large areas. These revelations are indications that the groundwater quality may have been impaired in the area and borehole water samples should be randomly sampled for contaminant loads based on this analysis.

This study was carried out to assess the environmental impact of crude oil exploitation on wild life resources in Bonny forest area of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The vegetation cover was sampled by laying 10m-2 quadrate at randomized interval in the study sites. Records were then taken of the plants occurring in the quadrates. Observations on the faunal life in the study soles were carried using direct and indirect methods. The study was carried out principally during the days, but was occasionally extended to the evenings. Primate recorded the highest specie number (5) and rodentia as the highest percentage distribution (70%). Predictably, every 8% reduction in tree cover will make the expected number of animals alive to decline from 1520.10 to 220.50 until the value will become negative (-213.49). The result of the study showed there are 7 orders and 25 species of mammals in the study area. Also, the rate of mortality will increase from 0.14-1.00, and the percentage interval of tree destruction will increase from 153.65 to 249.00. By the time the exploitation of crude oil is in full scale, the balance in the ecosystem will be adversely affected with possible decline in relative abundance of wild life resources. Based on the results, the illeffects of the exploitation, will however be grave when vegetation is destroyed beyond 70% cover.

This study investigated the incidence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of urinary pathogens commonly isolated from patients suspected of UTI at Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State Nigeria. Two hundred urine samples from patients suspected with urinary tract infection were collected, the causative organisms were isolated on CLED and blood agar and identified using macroscopy, microscopy and biochemical test and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were profiled using Kirby Bauer method. The overall incidence of UTI was found to be 31.5 Percent (63/200). Staphylococcus aureus 31/200 (15.5 Percent ), Klebsiella spp 20/200 (10 Percent ) and Proteus spp 12/200 (6 Percent ). Staphylococcus aureus, showed high percentage of susceptibility to the antibiotics viz; ampicillin (58.0 Percent ), amoxicillin (88 Percent ), cotrimoxazole (93.5 Percent ) and pefloxacin (96.8 Percent ), resistant to ceftazidime and gentamicin (83.9 Percent ), and ofloxacin and streptomycin (100 Percent ). Klebsiella spp was susceptible to amoxicillin (95 Percent ) and (100 Percent ) to ciprofloxacin but resistant to the seven remaining antibiotics. Proteus spp showed (100 Percent ) resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and streptomycin, but susceptible to amoxicillin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin (50 Percent ). In conclusion, the three isolated uropathogens were susceptible to amoxicillin (> 80 Percent ), resistant to streptomycin, ofloxacin and gentamicin ( less than 10 Percent ). Thus, routine surveillance and regular monitoring is required to establish reliable information about susceptibility pattern of urinary pathogens for optimal empirical therapy of patients with UTI.

An exponentially fitted Improved Runge-Kutta (IRK) method with 5 stages is constructed. The new method integrates exactly differential equations where the solution is oscillatory, that is, whose solutions can be expressed as linear combinations of the set of functions. Analysis of algebraic order of the new method indicates that it is of order five like the classical five stages IRK method. Numerical experiments established the effectiveness and efficiency of the exponentially fitted method over the non-fitted method.

A sequence stratigraphic analysis was carried out on ditch cutting samples from Amansiodo-1 well, Anambra Basin Nigeria. The analysis based on foraminiferal species (population and diversity) obtained from the ditch cuttings revealed two systems tract (transgressive systems tract and lowstand systems tract); a maximum flooding surface (proposed at 682 m) and a sequence boundary (proposed at 1667 m) establishing an incomplete depositional sequence for the well. The mid-section of the transgressive systems tract (1267-1122 m) shows sand and shale intercalation which is characteristic of a good reservoir rock

Fungal pathogens lead to deterioration and reduction in yield of many fruits produced in Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine the fungal pathogens associated with spoilt watermelon fruits in Jega Local Government Area, Kebbi State. A total of fifty (50) watermelon fruits were collected from five locations viz; Jega, Dangamaji, Kimba, Gindi and Basaura markets. The fungi were isolated using agar plate method and pure isolates were identified in accordance with a standard chart. A total of nine (9) fungal isolates were associated with the spoilage of the fruits namely; Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus wentii, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Scopulriopsis fusca, Debaryomyces hanseni, Kluyvermyces marxianus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. From the results obtained, Aspergillus flavus had the highest percentage of occurrence (23.53%) followed by Aspergillus niger (15.29%) while Scopulariopsis brevicaulis had the lowest (3.53%). Based on locations, Kimba had the highest percentage of the fungal loads (28.6%) followed by Jega Central Markets (22.4%) with Gindi having the lowest (10.2%). The fungi isolated in this study may use compromised surfaces such as wounds to cause rots on these fruits. There is therefore need for proper and careful check-up for deep and even light scratches on these fruits before storage as these pathogens can lead to considerable damage and fruit loss if not properly managed

Savannah ecosystem provides a multitude of ecosystem services, including forage production for herbivores, floristic diversity, and soil carbon sequestration. Soil nutrient has important roles for supporting plant species composition. This study aimed to determine annual plant species diversity in relation to soil chemical properties in two fallow lands (Bayero University, Kano, New Campus and Sa’adatu Rimi College of Education, Kumbotso). Quadrats (1m x 1m) were used to determine plant species composition from June to October 2017. The soil sample was collected using soil auger at a depth between 0-15cm and chemical parameters were analyzed, using the standard method. Site A, had higher species density (51.51spp/m2) and lower diversity (H= 2.63 and CD= 0.432), while Site B, had lower density (31.69spp/m2) and higher diversity (H= 3.10 and CDI= 0.195), species composition and diversity was not statistically significant (P= 0.329). Soil properties were significantly higher in Site A, with the following means; Nitrogen (0.13%), Potassium (0.17 cmol/kg), Phosphorous (9.37 mg/kg), Organic Carbon (0.69%) and Organic matter (1.16%), while in Site B, had Nitrogen (0.12%), Potassium (0.10 cmol/kg), Phosphorous (9.28 mg/kg), Organic Carbon (0.37%) and Organic matter (0.63%). The result showed that available soil nutrients decreased plant species diversity but increased species composition in the savannah ecosystem. Further researches on the influence of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium on plant species diversity in the savannah ecosystem were recommended.