Electrical resistivity method and filtered Landsat imagery were used to investigate the groundwater potential of Osun State University, Osogbo Campus. Electrical resistivity data were obtained using the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique, using both the full and half Schlumberger arrays. A total of thirty (30) VES points were occupied and ten different resistivity curve types were obtained from the final interpretation using Winresist software. The resulting parameters revealed that the study location was underlain by three (3) to four (4) rock layers namely; the topsoil (150 – 660 Ωm), weathered basement (10.5 – 835 Ωm), fractured basement (105 – 980 Ωm), and the fresh basement (1026 – 3424 Ωm). Five relevant groundwater influencing parameters were deduced from the results of the data interpretation, four of which are geophysical parameters (aquifer resistivity, overburden thickness, longitudinal conductance, and reflection coefficient) combined with one remotely sensed hydrological parameter (drainage density). The Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis technique was employed and weights were assigned to each of the parameters using Analytical Hierarchy Process. The assigned weights were normalized with a consistency ratio of approximately 0.63. All the mathematical operations involved in the MCDA-AHP processes were carried out using a MATLAB-based programming language. Using the results, a groundwater Potential Evaluation Prediction Model (GWAPEM) was developed. The model was used to predict the groundwater potential of the study area. Four different classifications of groundwater potential were predicted: Low potential, Moderate potential, High potential, and very high potential with moderate groundwater potential dominating the study area. The study concluded that Osun State University, Osogbo Campus had a moderate groundwater potential.

The main problem with antimicrobial medications is that microbes develop resistance to them through various processes. Recent observations have shown that the effects of microbes' resistance to antibacterial medications can be counteracted by mechano-chemical (a combination of antibacterial drugs and metal (II) complex) actions. This study used grinding to create amoxicillin complexes of Ni (II) and Co (II). Amoxicillin and its Ni (II) and Co (II) complexes were tested for sensitivity, solubility, infrared spectroscopy, and melting point/decomposition temperature. Amoxicillin had a much lower melting point than its metal complexes and was much less soluble. The free amoxicillin and its metal complexes shared the functional groups found by FTIR analysis. The antibacterial activity of amoxicillin was shown to be much lower than that of its complexes in sensitivity tests conducted against S. aureus and pseudo at several concentrations (10, 30, and 40 µg/agar-well). Amoxicillin's Ni and Co (II) complexes are typically more effective than the drug's free form.

This research aims at measuring and assessing the ambient indoor and outdoor radiation levels at the permanent site of Federal University Birnin Kebbi to ascertain the amount of ionizing radiation present. The indoor and outdoor radiation levels were measured across different buildings, road pavements, and some surroundings with a total of forty-four (44) selected surveyed points using a digital radiation detector (Br-6 Geiger Muller Counter). From the results obtained, it was observed that the Physics/Mathematics Laboratories were found to have the highest value of indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rates of 1.12mSv/yr and 0.28mSv/yr respectively. Similarly, the lowest value for indoor and outdoor annual equivalent dose rates was recorded at AC5, AC9, AC10, AC11, and AC22 with 0.77mSv/yr and 0.19mSv/yr as indoor and outdoor dose equivalent respectively. The overall average indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rates at indoor locations (Lecture Halls and offices) were measured, computed, and found to be 0.91mSv/yr and 0.23mSv/yr respectively. Similarly, the overall average annual effective dose rate for outdoor areas was found to be 0.20 mSv/yr. Based on the aforementioned findings, it was deduced that radiation levels at the study area are within the permissible radiation limit as stipulated by the ICRP and UNSCEAR of 0.01 - 2.4 mSv/yr and thus, the ambient indoor and outdoor radiation levels at the permanent site of Federal University Birnin Kebbi are environmentally and radiologically friendly.

Field work exercise was carried out on the Campanian-Maastrichtian Bida Sandstone to investigate the lithology and structural features in the area of study. The lithology identified includes sandstone, siltstone, claystone and conglomerate. Different structural features encountered are ripple marks, cross bedding and bioturbations. A total of ten samples were collected from the field, six were randomly selected for geochemical analysis for the reconstruction of the paleoenvironments. The results of geochemical analysis of the sandstone samples indicate that silica (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are the most abundant oxides, with silica (SiO2) being the highest. The concentration of the silica (SiO2) varies from 50.26% to 59.77%, with an average of 53.48%. The values of (Al2O3) vary from 20.68 - 29.89%, with an average of 26.69%, Fe2O3 ranges from 2.39 – 6.29%, with an average of 4.46%. There is a higher concentration of K2O than Na2O in all the samples. The average ratio of K2O/Na2O is also high indicating more of potassium feldspar than plagioclase. The geochemical studies suggest that the provenance of the sandstone is felsic igneous rock, the weathering indices indicated that the sediment is extremely weathered and the index of compositional variability suggested that the sediment is mineralogically matured. The low Index of Chemical Variability values imply compositionally mature sediments and this indicated high recycling and intensity of weathering. The sandstone samples are mostly classified as lithic arenite

A geophysical investigation using the electrical resistivity method was conducted at the Oloko section of the ItapaIkole highway, South-Western Nigeria, to identify the causes of persistent road pavement failure despite multiple rehabilitation efforts. The primary objective of the study was to determine the geoelectric parameters of the subsurface, delineate the lithological units, and assess whether there are underlying structures that could compromise the stability of the road pavement. The investigation employed both 1-D Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger array and 2-D resistivity imaging using the Dipole-Dipole array. Two parallel traverses were surveyed with the 2-D dipole-dipole method, and the data were inverted into 2-D resistivity structures. A total of nine VES stations were occupied with a maximum AB/2 spacing of 65 m. The VES data were presented as sounding curves and interpreted through partial curve matching and 1-D computer-assisted forward modeling, leading to the generation of geoelectric sections. The geoelectric sections revealed four distinct subsurface geoelectric layers: topsoil, laterite, weathered layer, and fresh basement. The 2-D dipole-dipole images and geoelectric section indicated the absence of significant geological structures; however, they highlighted a relatively low-resistivity (< 100 Ω m) weathered zone and a thin lateritic subgrade (approximately 1.5 m thick). The study generally indicates that the road failures are primarily due to the insufficient thickness of the lateritic subgrade, which is inadequate to support the axle load, combined with the underlying clayey weathered layer that yields under heavy loads, ultimately leading to pavement instability

Postharvest deterioration of Onion bulbs is a major cause of onion losses in Nigeria and affectsthe quantity and quality of onions available for domestic use and export to international markets. In this study, fungi associated with postharvest deterioration of stored onion bulbs in the major onion producing areas of Nigeria were investigated using standard mycological techniques. Rotten and discoloured onion bulbs were sampled in One Hundred Onion stores and screened for fungal species. A total of ten fungal species belonging to six genera of fungi were recovered from the stored onion bulbs. These are Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, Alternaria porri, Penicillium citrinum, P. notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer. All the isolated fungi were found to be pathogenic on healthy onion bulbs and have the potential to cause storage rots on onion bulbs under warm and humid environmental conditions. It is recommended that appropriate control measures involving proper handling practices at harvest, effective drying of bulbs before storing and the use of ventilated storage facilities could reduce postharvest losses of onion in Nigeria. There is need for improvement of existing local onion storage facilities to include ventilation system. Communication and education campaigns should be targeted to reduce onion losses at farm level and during storage.

Nutritional studies are a cornerstone of food science, providing the foundation for understanding the relationship between diet, health, and disease. They involve the analysis of food components, such as macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds, to determine their effects on human health. The study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality, antinutritional factors and bacterial load of kenaf seed-soybean-sweet potato blend high proteinrich instant cereals. The cereals were formulated from blend of kenaf seed, soybean and sweet potato. Kenaf seed, soybean and sweet potato were processed through the stepwise procedure of cleaning, washing, soaking, cooking, drying, blending, sieving and mixed in the ratio 40:50:10, 40:40:20, 30:40:30, 50:40:10 and 30:60:10 respectively to produce the instant cereal coded as KSP1, KSP2, KSP3, KSP4 and KSP5. The cereals were subjected to proximate, antinutrient, amino acids profile, antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E), minerals elements, heavy metals and total bacterial count analyses. One way ANOVA test was used to analyze data. The results showed that the instant cereals had a high nutritional composition, with KSP3 and KSP4 showing significant effects in treating malnutrition. The bacterial load of the formulated instant cereal showed significant decrease in bacterial load as the weeks increase. The kenaf seed - soybean-sweet potato blend high protein rich instant cereals developed are good sources of essential amino acid, macro nutrients, antioxidant mineral and vitamins and have low antinutritional factor. Hence, the formulated instant cereals may serve as alternative to expensive commercial breakfast meal.

Lead poisoning from artisanal small-scale gold mining has occurred in 38 villages in Zamfara State, Nigeria since 2010. Soils from only 8 of the affected villages had been remediated including those from the town used for this study. This study assesses the lead concentration in the soil and water media of the village. Soil samples were collected in the vicinity of the village as well as at the mining/processing site. Water samples were also collected from well, boreholes and the pond near the village. All samples were collected, preserved, and prepared for lead analysis using standard procedures. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used for lead content analysis. Lead in the mining/processing site (soil) was 9200 to 12500 mg/kg while that of the village soil was between 10.1 and 33.6 mg/kg. Lead content was detectable only in the well water (0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg) and in the pond (0.9 to 1.21 mg/kg). Although the values were below the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guideline for soil lead, the level in water was elevated above the maximum allowable limit for drinking water. Better monitoring of children between 5 and 15 years of age for bioaccumulation was suggested to prevent future reoccurrence of the health impact of the affected children and young adults

The photovoltaic (PV) panels are usually fixed to the country's latitude. In traditional methods, the solar module's direction is manually changed to face the Sun, if possible. The PV system must be perpendicular to the light beam to produce maximum power. Consequently, designing a solar tracking strategy that maintains the PV panels perpendicular to the light beam will significantly enhance energy production. Solar trackers orient solar panels or mirrors toward the Sun to maximize the sunlight received, thereby increasing energy output. This project focuses on designing and constructing a single-axis solar tracker to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic PV panels by dynamically adjusting their orientation to optimize sunlight exposure throughout the day. The project demonstrates significant improvements in energy output compared to fixed-panel installations, making the solar tracker a promising solution for enhancing the Efficiency of solar energy systems. The project involves the integration of sensors to automate the tracking process. 98% efficiency was recorded during the test-running of the coupled system.

Basement Complex in Nigeria within the north-central Nigeria are host to numerous minerals and on that basis, rocks within Osi (NE) were studied geologically and geochemically with the aim of evaluating its mineralization potential. The rock units mapped in the area are migmatite gneiss, banded gneiss, biotite granite, porphyritic biotite granite, granites, granite gneiss, amphibolite, marble and calc-silicate rocks, quartzites and pegmatite. Structures observed are the quartzo-feldspathic veins, foliation planes, joints, faults and folds. Notably in the foliation plane, the principal strike direction are NNE-SSW and NNW-SSE while joints and faults generally have N-S and NW-SE trends conforming in some places with the foliation trends. Geochemically, the rocks are saturated with silica followed by Al2O3. The results of petrographic and geochemical studies classified most of the samples as S-type and peraluminious. Tectonically, the granitic gneiss plot within the field of Within-Plate Granite field and volcanic arc and syn collisional granites while all the amphibolite plot within the volcanic arc and syn collisional granites field, on the bivariant plot of Y vs Nb, and on the Ga/Al vs Zr discrimination plot, most of the granitic gneiss with amphibolite plot within the I-, S- and M-type fields, suggesting a post-collisional granitoids. Plots of Rb/Sr ratio versus color index, SiO2 Vs. Zn, Sr/Y vs. SiO2, Al2O3/TiO2 vs. SiO2 and P2O5*100/Th vs. B indicated that the investigated rock groups have potentials for Cu, Zn and Th mineralizaion but void of Sn and W mineralization. This was confirmed by plot of Y vs. MnO, suggesting that the Osi rock groups vary from barren to few sub-productive granitoids and also the observed values in Ba, Rb, Sn, Y, Sr and Zr which fall within the values specified as the range of trace elements in granites that are fertile revealed that the Osi granitic gneiss and amphibolite have potentials for mineralization.

An investigation into the potentials of coco fibre as a growth enhancer/medium was carried out on a potted experiment with ugwu (Telfairia occidentalis) also known by many as fluted pumpkin and pepper (Capsicum annuum) as test plants. Growth indicators such as plant height and the number of leaves per plant were used as the basis for the comparison of coco fibre with the conventional soil (topsoil). The study was conducted at Kwara State University's Plant and Environmental Biology Screen house in Malete, Kwara State Nigeria. A sustainable substitute such as coco fibre was made from the husks of coconuts following standard methods. Data collected from both coco fibre cultivated plants as well as the topsoil were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to check the main and interactive effects of treatments using R Version 4.3.0. Post-hoc comparison of means was performed using the Eemeans package at a 0.05 level of Significance. Results showed that coco fibre-treated ugwu plants had higher plant height and number of leaves per plant across all the weeks at 0.05 level of Significance for the experiment while pepper grew more luxuriant in topsoil cultivation than coco fibre. To optimize nutrient delivery and evaluate long-term effects on plant health and yield, more research is recommended

Food contamination has become a major health problem due to its adverse effects on the human body. Ika Land is known for the production and sales of palm oil. Eleven (11) samples of palm oil were randomly collected; ten (10) samples were collected from the point of sale and one (1) from the oil mill to serve as control. Oils were analyzed for heavy metals (lead, zinc, cadmium, nickel, and copper) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that all samples contain zinc, an essential trace element with the highest value of 7.00mg/kg, while some samples contain copper (1.00mg/kg) and few contain cadmium (1.00mg/kg). There was neither lead nor nickel detected in all the samples. It is therefore pertinent to conclude that some palm oil produced and sold in Ika land is safe for human consumption.

Ten samples were collected from Maini Hill for lithological description and for Palynological analysis to determine the relative age of the claystone members of Gwandu Formation and the paleoenvironment of deposition of the sediments. Field and laboratory methods were carried out to obtain field lithological sequence description and palynological laboratory preparation of the samples into palynological slides. The palynological slide preparation involved processes of acid digestion with hydrochloric acid and separation of macerals by floatation using of zinc bromide. The prepared slides were observed under the microscope for palynomorph contents. The lithofacies sequence is mainly claystone, silty claystone siltstone, mudstone, sandstone, and ferruginized ironstone as capping rock. The palynomorph assemblages retrieved belong to Magnastriatites howardi zone, P600 zone/630 subzone and C1 zone established for Nigerian sediments. The marker forms identified include Retribrevitricolporites protudens, Verrutricolporites sp., Retibrevitricolporites obodoensis, and Striamonocolpites sp., dated Early Miocene age. Dinoflagellate cysts present are Batiacasphaera sp., Senegalinium sp., Andalusiella sp., Andalusiella polymorpha, and undifferentiated dinoflagellate cysts of peridinacean type, indicative of marginal marine deposit. The Maini Hill sediments of Gwandu Formation in Argungu Emirate are the same in age and paleoenvironment with Gwandu Formation in Birnin Kebbi (Gwandu Emirate), Kebbi State, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria. Keywords: Lithofacies, Ferruginized ironstone, Magnastriatites howardi zone, P600 zone, Early Miocene, Marginal marine

The recent surge in Diphtheria outbreaks across various regions underscores the imperative for proactive measures. This study delves into the effectiveness of examinations in controlling the transmission dynamics of Diphtheria. Through mathematical modeling techniques, we explore the impact of early treatment and other different parameters on the spread of Diphtheria within populations. Employing the next-generation matrix method, the basic reproduction number 0 ( ) R is computed, revealing that the disease-free equilibrium state is locally asymptotically stable when 0 ( 1) R  . This suggests that containment of diphtheria is achievable within a human populace where 0 ( ) R remains below one (1), yet it transitions to an endemic state when 0 ( ) R exceeds this critical value one (1). Sensitivity analysis provides crucial insights into the model's behavior and identifies influential factors driving the results. Simulations analysis demonstrates that measures targeting the early treatment and detection of infected asymptomatic individuals significantly reduce the transmission of diphtheria. The study contributes to the understanding of disease dynamics and provides valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare authorities in formulating effective strategies for diphtheria control.

Centaurea perrottetii is a herbaceous shrub that has been in use traditionally for the treatment of microbial infections and other infectious ailments. This study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of n-butanol soluble fraction (obtained through maceration and liquid-liquid fractionation techniques) of the aerial part of Centaurea perrottetii against some pathogenic microbes which include Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton spp and Candida albicans. Agar Disc diffusion and Nutrient Broth dilution techniques were employed. Susceptibility test results showed that the n-butanol fraction inhibited the growth of all the test organisms (bacteria and fungi) with a mean zone of inhibition range of 5-22 mm with the exception of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonela typhi and Aspergillus flavus. The standard antibiotic, Ofloxacin had inhibitory activity against all the bacteria with a mean zone of inhibition range of 10-44 mm, while Fluconazole, the standard anti-fungal drug showed activity on the fungi species tested with the mean zone of inhibition between 34 – 37 mm. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC) range for the n-butanol fraction was 0.31-20 mg/mL and 0.31-80 / 0.31-20 mg/mL, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening conducted using standard procedures revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols saponins, glycosides and alkaloids in the n-butanol soluble fraction. The results of this study suggest that the plant contains bioactive constituent(s) with good antimicrobial activity and thus justifies the use of the plant for management of microbial infections.

The study considered the challenge of food insufficiency and explored the potentials of Sesame seed products (cake and oil) as feed. The cake and oil of Sesamum indicum seed were analyzed for their nutritional composition and organic fractions using standard analytical methods. Results of proximate composition of the cake obtained were 6.72±0.13 % (moisture content), 5.82±0.21 % (ash content), 24.83±0.06 % (crude protein), 7.34±0.05 % (crude fibre) 27.46±0.11 % (carbohydrate), and 395.30±0.17 kcal/ 100g (calorific value). The concentration order for mineral elements in the cake was: sodium (26.84±0.08 mg/ 100g) < magnesium (112.22±0.17 mg/ 100g) < phosphorus (154.98±0.09 mg/100 g) < potassium (168.35±0.12 mg/100 g) < calcium (304.16±0.31 mg/100 g). Vaues of amino acid content in the cake revealed that nine different essential amino acids (EAA) with a total concentration value of 35.79±0.03 g/100 g and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) had a total concentration of 43.03±0.04 g/100 g were present. The EAA with highest concentration was leucine (7.86±0.06 g/100 g) while glutamic acid (9.84±0.05 g/100 g) was the NEAA with the highest concentration. Nineteen organic fractions were present in Sesamum indicum seed oil. They include vanillin, tryptophan, methylparaben, campesterol, oleoyl chloride and1,3-Benzodiozole. The results obtained indicate that the consumption of Sesamum indicum seed cake and oil can add to the nutrient required by the body.

Environmental noise has become a pervasive concern in urban settings, affecting various aspects of daily life, including commercial spaces such as market. The aim of this work, is to investigate the level of environmental noise in the market and its consequential harm for both vendors and consumers. This study, explores the impact of environmental noise on vendor performance, customer experience, and overall market dynamics. Through survey and behavioral observations, the subjective responses of market participants to different noise levels using digital sound level meter noise volume device at the new market (Sabon Kasuwa) were examined. The investigation used acoustic measurement methods to assess the acoustic quality of some market area and results were obtained. The results show an of averagely the noise levels of 90.90 𝑑𝐵(𝐴),83.0 𝑑𝐵(𝐴), and 78.0 𝑑𝐵(𝐴). These results were recorded in the morning, afternoon and evening respectively. The results are not healthy for both the vendors and buyers. All the values indicate reduced hearing sharpness, clarity in speech and intelligibility, distort in communication and fatigue as detrimental effects on market participants, as acknowledged by the respondents during their subjective evaluation.

A suite of geophysical wire-line logs from an oilfield in the Niger Delta have been examined and analyzed with the aim of evaluating the petrophysical properties and determining the reservoir correlation of the ‘ATINUK’ field. Gamma-ray logs, sonic logs, and resistivity logs were used for the correlation analysis of four wells. Three major sand lithologies (Sand A, Sand B, and Sand C) were correlated. For this study, we used Schlumberger PETREL software in combination with well logs to map three (3) reservoirs (A, B, and C), considering parameters such as porosity, permeability, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, and volume of shale. The reservoirs' petrophysical parameters revealed water saturation ranging from 0.063 to 0.090, 0.036 to 0.055, and 0.030 to 0.109, respectively; hydrocarbon saturation also ranges from 0.910 to 0.937 in reservoir A, 0.639 to 0.964 in reservoir B, and 0.891 to 0.970 in reservoir C. The reservoir's porosity and hydrocarbon pore volume values within the field proved to be quite productive, with porosity ranging from 0.44 – 0.60 in Reservoir A, 0.40 – 0.45 in Reservoir B, and 0.38 – 0.48 in Reservoir C. Reservoir A stands out among the wells due to its high porosity values, low water saturation, high hydrocarbon saturation, and hydrocarbon pore volume.

This study investigates the effects of colchicine-induced polyploidy on the germination and fruit yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench), along with agro-morphological traits across M1, M2 and M3 generations. Two treatment methods, seed treatment and seedling treatment, were employed. Okra seeds were subjected to colchicine concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5%, while seedlings' shoot tips were treated for varying durations of 12 to 72 hours. A complete randomized design with three replications was utilized. Results revealed a significant impact on seed viability and production, particularly at higher concentrations. Seed germination percentage ranged from 90% to 69% in colchicine-treated plants compared to 90% in the control for M2 generation, and between 11.50% to 30.60% in subsequent generations for seed treatment. Polyploid seedlings exhibited superior germination compared to diploids, characterized by larger leaf area and deeper green pigmentation. Fruit yield was higher in control plants, although seed treatment with 0.3% concentration resulted in the highest fruit number. Seed treatment method was more efficient than shoot apical meristem treatment. Caution is advised in the use of colchicine for crop improvement.

This study assess the tree species composition in the Kano North and South ecological zones of Nigeria, providing up-to-date data on existing tree species in these areas. Utilizing a quadrat sampling technique, 100x100m quadrats were established at 500m intervals along 1000m transects. A total of 112 quadrats were sampled, with tree specimens subsequently authenticated at the Herbarium of the Plant Biology Department, Bayero University, Kano. Comparative analysis was conducted using the Sorensen similarity index. Results indicated an estimated 51,116 trees, comprising 32 species, 26 genera, and 15 families in Kano North, while Kano South boasted 96,780 trees, representing 40 species, 33 genera, and 18 families. Azadirachta indica emerged as the dominant species in both zones, with the Fabaceae family exhibiting the highest representation, comprising 11 members in each zone. Comparative analysis of species composition and family representation revealed a high similarity between the two zones, with similarity index values of 0.8 and 0.7-1, respectively. In summary, the study identified 32 and 40 tree species in Kano North and South ecological zones, respectively, with Azadirachta indica and the Fabaceae family being the most dominant species and family, respectively. The high similarity in species composition and family representation underscores the ecological resemblance between the two zones. To enhance biodiversity and conservation efforts, afforestation programs should prioritize less common species in these areas.

The textile industry generates large volumes of wastewater that contain hazardous compounds like dyes, heavy metals, and surfactants, which can have major ecological impacts. Several methods have been investigated for dye removal, including biological and physio-chemical technologies, which are expensive and energy-demanding. Adsorption has been found to be a desirable and effective method for developing countries due to its simplicity of design, flexibility, high contaminant selectivity, low operational cost, and excellent treated-effluent quality. In this study, the effects of initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and solution pH on the adsorption process of methylene blue (MB) onto delignated millet husk (DMH) and modified millet husk (MMH) were investigated. The results showed that the ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA)-modified millet husk effectively removed methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions, with the highest percentage removal achieved at an initial concentration of 50 ppm, an adsorbent dosage of 0.3 g, 80 minutes of contact time and a pH of 5. The study suggests that EDTA-modified millet husk could be a cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbent material for the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.

Lithostratigraphy of Kalambaina Quarry was studied for determination of the geologic age and paleoenvironment of deposition of the sediments. The litho-description was undertaken by noting the colour, composition, textural parameters, fossil content, structure, and bioturbation. Palynological sample preparation involved decarbonisation, digestion with hydrofluoric acid, sieving with 10 µm mesh, oxidation, and heavy liquid separation of the maceral by floatation and mounting on the slides. The lithostratigraphy of the Kalambaina mine section is composed of various lithofacies. The stratigraphic section was divided into two: Kalambaina and Gamba Formations. The Kalambaina Formation underlies the Gamba Formation. The Kalambaina Formation is composed of the basal fossiliferous limestone overlain by the intercalated light grey fissile shale and at the top is the fossiliferous limestone. The Gamba Formation unconformably overlies the Kalambaina with sandstone facie at the bottom, overlain by marlstone and micaceous shale respectively. The Kalambaina Formation belongs to Proxapertites operculatus Assemblage Zone, dated Early Maastrichtian to Paleocene based on the co-occurrence of Milfordia jardinei, Foveotrilites margaritae, Retibrevitricolporites triangulatus, Syncolporites subtilis, Syncolporites marginatus Mauritiidites crassieximinus and Buttinea andreevi. The overlying Gamba Formation was dated Middle Eocene age of Monoporites annulatus Zone (Zone P400, Subzone P430), characterized by first up-hole occurrence of Monoporites annulatus, Margocolporites foveolatus, Ctenolophonidites costatus, Anacolocidites luicoides, and Cicatricosisporites dorogensis. The paleoenvironment of deposition of the Kalambaina Formation is marine and the Gamba Formation is marginal marine due to admixture of terrestrially derived miospores and marine dinoflagellate cysts occurrences. The Gamba (Middle Eocene) and Kalambaina (Early Maastrichtian-Paleocene) Formations do not belong to the same geologic age (Paleocene) as posited by earlier workers, therefore, they are here emphasized that they do not belong to the same stratigraphic Sokoto Group (Paleocene age) in Sokoto Basin, Nigeria, therefore, the terminology is invalid for further usage.

This paper presents the design and construction of circuit for intelligence night-detection light emitting diode (LED) meant for street and pedestrian lights based photovoltaic (PV) panel. The circuit topology was designed using transistors (Bipolar Junction Transistor) which serve as a switch. It detects night automatically right from twilight down to dawn, using light dependent resistor (LDR). The circuit was developed by arranging two bipolar junction transistors (BJT) in Darlington pairing. The transistors work in two regions; saturation and cut-off regions. The advantages of this system are; limiting the conventional manual works, low risk of human lives through daily contacts with switches, energy savings and power wastage will be reduced to minimum. The prototype of the circuit was realized using Multism software (13.0.1), and after that the proposed topology was built in the laboratory and tested both in day and night times. The results show the feasibility of the proposed circuit.

This study was conducted to document and evaluate plants species that have the ability to repel insects in Katsina. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain the data of the plant species with the repellence activity. A total number of 50 respondents were interviewed among which the majority were males 56% and above 60 years 30%. The result reported a total number of 20 plants species with insect repellence activity that were distributed in 15 families with Lamiaceae being the family with highest number of species. The leaves of the plants are the most plant part used for the repellence (42 %), the mode of preparation of the plants materials varies with burning to generate smoke being the most adopted mode of preparation. The 20 plants species were found to repel 12 different insects species which are distributed in 7 orders, Diptera having the greatest number of insects (3) and plants species that repel them (15) with mosquito being repelled most by the plants species in the order. It was observed from the study that plants species from different families have the ability to repel a particular insect. The results obtained could provide a baseline information for further scientific investigation to strengthen the concept of plant-based insects repellents.

Wood is an important source of energy that has been used for eras in cooking, boiling water, lighting, and heating. This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a dual-pot improved cook stove. The designed stove's performance was contrasted with a standard charcoal stove that is readily available in the marketplace using standard methods. Water Boiling Test (WBT) and Controlled Cooking Test (CCT) were performed on the stoves. According to the WBT, the dual pot Improved Cook Stove's thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, burning rate, time to boil, and firepower were found to be 81%, 0.045, 0.0072 kg/min, 30 min, and 3700W, respectively. On the other hand, with the conventional charcoal stove, the results were 58.7%, 0.10, 0.0062 kg/min, 65 min, and 3200W, respectively. According to the CCT, the dual pot improved cook stove's specific fuel consumption and cooking time were found to be 0.136 and 52 minutes, respectively, and 0.232 and 83 minutes, respectively, for the conventional charcoal stove. The Improved Cook Stove reduces indoor air pollution, minimizes harmful effects on human health and reduces the money spent on fuel than the Conventional Charcoal Stove

Heavy metal pollution of water bodies is a threat to public water supplies and also to consumers of fishery resources. This study aimed at assessing the concentration of heavy metals distribution in five (5) fish species of Matan Fada Area in Argungu river, Lungu and Laka Lakes. Five (5) fish species; Alestes baremose, Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis, Hydrocynus brevis, Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli were sampled from February to April, 2023 at three different locations. Heavy metals (Cadmium, Iron, Copper, Lead and Chromium) were detected in the muscles of the five fish species using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The heavy metal levels detected were in the range: Cd: 1.00 ± 0.00 to 3.00 ± 0.00 mg/kg; Fe: 7.67 ± 0.11 to 41.98 ± 0.79 mg/kg; Cu: 1.00 ± to 4.25 ± 0.00 mg/kg; Pb: 1.00 ± 0.00 to 13.83 ± 0.00 mg/kg; and Cr: 0.42 ± 0.00 to 1.75 ± 0.00 mg/kg. The heavy metal with the highest mean concentration in all fish species is Fe, followed by Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr. This gave a ranking of: Fe > Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr. All the values exceeded the recommended value set by WHO (2017). The findings indicated that the five fish species have high concentrations of Cd, Fe, Cu, Pb and Cr, which can be dangerous for people who consume these fish species from the Matan Fada Area of the Argungu river and the two neighboring lakes.

This study focuses on the petrography and palynological analyses of the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary facies in Ankpa, North Central Nigeria. The primary aim was to unravel the organic composition, age and the prevailed peleoenvironmental conditions of the sediments. The methodology employed towards achieving these was the application of palynological analysis on 20 samples composed of coal and claystone, recovered from the coal mine. The samples were subjected to series of laboratory procedures such as decarbonisation with dilute HCl, sample digestion with hydrofouric acid, sieving of the samples with 10µ mesh, oxidation, heavy liquid separation, rinsing with ethanol, and mounting of the macerals on glass slides. Subsequently, the organic residues were microscopically analyzed using an OPTIKA G-150 microscope, facilitating the identification and counting of pollen, spores, dinoflagellates, and algae. In establishing the age and paleoenvironment of deposition of the sediments, marker species and stratigraphically significant forms were considered. The stratigraphic interval 0.05 to 23.8 m is composed of claystone at the upper part with dominant underlying coal beds. The palynostratigraphy of the coal measure was defined based on recovery of marker palynomorphs which belongs to Spinizonocolpites baculatus Assemblage Zone, characterized by the co-occurrences of Constructipollenites ineffectus, Auriculiidites sp., Proxapertites operculatus, Longapertites microfoveolatus, Retidiporites magdalenensis, Syncolporites marginatus, Cingulatisporites ornatus, Buttinea andreevi, Proteacidites sp., and Inaperturopollenites sp., all indicative of Late Maastrichtian age. The co-occurrence of terrestrially derived miospores and marine peridinacean form of dinoflagellates such as Andalusiella polymorpma senegalinium sp., and Oligosphaeridium sp. are indicative of fluviomarine setting. However, evidence of sea level fluctuation was noticed whereby the coal interval of about 12.4 m which is rich in pollen, spores, dinoflagellates, and algae suggest a shift in coastline further landward compared to the overlying claystone. The ETA Zuma coal is characteristically similar to other coal deposits such as Mamu Coal Measure, dated late Maastrichtian on the basis of similarity in palynomorph assemblage.