Volume 2 |
Groundwater Fluoride Contamination in Shendam Area and Environs, North Central Nigeria
Abusu C. O.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2)
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Fluorosis is an endemic disease caused by excessive fluoride consumption in drinking water, and is a common manifestation in
some rural communities in Nigeria. Groundwater quality was assessed in the environs of Shendam area with emphasis on fluoride.
Fourty groundwater samples were collected from wells in the field, physical properties measured in-situ, with major and minor
ions analyzed. Sodium, calcium and potassium were analyzed by Flame Photometry, bicarbonate, sulphate and chloride were
measured by titrimetric method, atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry was used to measure magnesium while fluoride was
analyzed using fusion method. Results show that all groundwater parameters fall within recommended limits except for calcium in
two localities and fluoride in all groundwater samples which ranged from 1.81 to 3.12 mg/L (mean 2.50 mg/L). Water-rock
interaction resulting in silicate weathering was a major determinant of groundwater chemistry. Dominant groundwater facies was
of the order Na+K–SO4–Cl (35%) > Ca+Mg, Na+K–HCO3 (30%) > Na+K–HCO3 (22.5%) > Ca+Mg, Na+K–SO4 (7.5%) >
Ca+Mg–HCO3 (5%). Fluoride in groundwater was believed to have originated from fluoride bearing minerals of biotite, apatite
and hornblende found in rocks of the study area. The role of ion exchange and desorption in fluoride mobilization was found to be
minimal as revealed from correlation plots, ionic ratios and pH of the groundwater. Leaching and weathering of fluoride bearing
minerals under slightly acidic conditions led to enrichment in groundwater. The dissolution of secondary minerals like fluorite
which may develop in rock fractures, was also suggested as additional sources of fluoride because groundwater was under-saturated
in relation to the mineral. Local fluoride treatment techniques like adsorption using clay material and Naglonda technique were
recommended due to their effectiveness, ease of implementation and low cost
Geo-electric Investigation for Groundwater Potential Zones at Permanent Site of Federal University Birnin Kebbi (Clinic Site)
Yahaya, M. N., Waiman, I.Y, Abubakar, N. and Mohammed, I
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2)
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Evidence of Campanian-Maastrichian palynomorphs from Lamja Formation, Yola Sub-basin, Northern Benue Trough, Nigeria
Sarki Yandoka, B.M
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2)
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The Lamja Formation marks the end of sedimentation in the Yola Sub-basin of the Northern Benue Trough. The formation
was assigned to the Upper Santonian age. However, recent palynological studies of samples from Lamja Formation recovered
Campanian-Maastrichian palynomorphs that include the following palynomorphs species; Monoporites annulatus,
Logapertites marginatus, Proteacidites sigalli, Monocolpites marginatus. This shows that there is a possibility of sedimentary
deposition in the Yola Sub-basin immediately after the mid-Santonian tectonic inversion. However, the CampanianMaastrichian palynomorphs species recovered in this study are similar and can be correlatable to other Cretaceous palynologic
zones in the West Africa and South American basins
Geophysical Investigation of Subsurface Formation for Construction Purposes at Southern Part of Gulumbe District, Kebbi State
Yahaya, M. N., Augie, A. I. and Samaila, B
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2)
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Electrical resistivity measurements using the vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique were employed for the determination
of soil competency for construction purpose at southern part of Gulumbe district Kebbi state NW Nigeria. Thirty-three vertical
electrical sounding (VES) points were investigated with a maximum AB/2 spacing of 100m within an area of 500 by 500m.
Resistivity sounding curves are found to be “H”, “A”, “K” and “Q” types, i.e. 1- A, 18- H, 3- K and 11- Q types respectively.;
predominantly with “H” type constituting about 65% of the survey points. The study reveals that the subsurface lithologic
units in the area were dominated by three- four geo-electric layers that comprise of topsoil (pink clay, ironstone & browns
clay), The relatively high apparent resistivity range of the topsoil (157.6 - 3538 Ohm-m) ironstone, fine sand, sandstone, white
clay & coarse sand (103 – 7724 Ohm-m) respectively indicate that the underlain rock units are competent and therefore can
withstand heavy structures and thus recommends that the suitable zones for high rise structures should be located on northern,
eastern and SW part of the study area
2D Geo-Electrical Assessment of Subsurface Salinization on Perennial Agricultural Activities at Kurfi Fadama Sokoto NW Nigeria
Bawa, Y.I., Augie, A. I. and Saleh, M
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2)
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2D electrical resistivity using Wenner configuration was carried out in Kurfi Fadama of Sokoto State Nigeria. The study area lies
between latitudes 13°03ʹ13ʺN and 13°08ʹ21.47ʺN and longitudes 5°06ʹ36ʺ E and 5°17ʹ25.31ʺE with an estimated area of 9.0 km2
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Six profiles were covered with each length 200m and spaced 50m apart using imaging technique which involves the use of Ohmega
resistivity meter and its accessories. The acquired data were analyzed, processed and interpreted using RES2DINV64 and SURFER
version 13 which instinctual gave an interpretation of the measured apparent resistivity data. The result from the data interpretation
revealed concealed features of the area such as lithological boundaries and water bearing formations. These characterized the area
as having five lithologies namely, Clay, sandy-silt, alluvial sand, shale/sandstone and clay/limestone/gravel. The identified regions
of P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6 having lowed resistivity values ranging from 0 to 50Ωm were classified as saline due to clay layer has
the potential for water retention (aquiclude) and water accumulations (aquifer) that maybe as a result of excess application of
fertilizers and water lodging. These regions of lowed resistivities may impact the environment and Agricultural practices that
commonly apparent the crop productivity. However, high resistivity zones (700Ωm and above) were also identified as gravels
which usually has the highest tendency of water accumulation due to high porosity and permeability.
Evaluation of Water Quality from Plastic Tanks in Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria
Hassan, M., Musa, A., and Hussaini, A
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2)
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Freshwater is a natural asset that must be protected to ensure its quality and essential ecosystem services it provides. Providing safe
and adequate drinking water is an essential to human life. The aim of this study is to assess the physico-chemical quality of water
stored in plastic tanks for drinking purposes in Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina. Four plastic water tanks were selected
(MGT, FHT, MHT and FST) for water sampling. The concentration of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids
(TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),
total alkalinity (TA), chloride (Cl), turbidity, total hardness (TH), sulfate (SO4), phosphate (PO4), and nitrate (NO2) were analyzed
and compared with permissible limits set by Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (2007) and World Health Organization
(2017). From the result, the concentrations of DO, BOD and COD were found higher than their respective permissible limits, while
pH, EC, TDS, TSS, TA, Cl¯, turbidity, TH, SO4, PO4, NO2 concentrations were observed within the limits. Based on Water Quality
Index (WQI) assessment, result obtained revealed that, the status of stored water of all samples was excellent indicating no health
risk to consumers and suggested that the water is of good quality. It is concluded that, stored water in plastic tanks is suitable for
drinking and other purposes. Constant monitoring of these water stored in plastic tanks is recommended as well as research to
investigate the bacteriological parameters.
Calcareous Nannofossil Study of Well – AD1X, Offshore, Southeast Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
Raheem M. O., Nwaejije E. C., and Obiosio E. O.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2)
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Lithostratigraphic and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphic studies was carried out on ditch cutting samples from well -
AD1X located in the offshore area of the Niger Delta. The Agbada Formation sediments are made up of shales and sandstones
which are grey in colour with intercalations of fine to medium grained sandstone beds. The sediments yielded relatively rich
calcareous nannofossils with significant variations in abundance and diversity. Some Niger Delta index fossils present in the
study include; Discoaster pentaradiatus, Amaurolithus delicatus, Discoaster asymmetricus, Discoaster quinqueramus and
Helicosphaera sellii. Late Miocene to Early Pliocene age was assigned to the studied well based on the occurrences of these
index fossils, while a shallow marine environmental condition of deposition was suggested due to the rich diversity of
nannofossils.
Understanding Demographic Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources among Communities in North-eastern Nigeria
Bakari, A. and Abdullahi, A. S
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2)
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Climate change impacts negatively on available water resources in rural communities have achieved greater publicity especially
during the middle of this century in Nigeria. This paper investigates the negative impacts of climate change on the available
water resources in selected rural areas in North-eastern Nigeria. Some of the selected households are from Kaga and Damagum
Local Government Area Councils in Borno and Yobe States respectively. The study collected household survey data from
various communities in Kaga and Damagum Local Councils of Borno and Yobe States respectively. The study employed a semistructured questionnaire for investigating the awareness levels of climate change related problems such as general knowledge
about climate change conditions and their effects on communities, concerns about climate change and their sources of water
supply, and life time experiences on climate variability in their communities.. Results show that 74% of the households
respondents are totally unaware of climate change effects on available water resources, 26% have experienced the effects of
climate change. Also, only about 15% of the households surveyed are concerned with the potential effects of climate change in
their areas of domain. In addition, majority (67.6%) of the community leaders interviewed have witnessed unusual climate
variability conditions in their life time. Lastly, statistical tests show that no significant relationship between household’s level of
education and their awareness about climate change problems (p= 0.07> 0.05). Overall, various household’s perceptions towards
climate change conditions is negative and their level of awareness is very low. This provides a baseline data for climate change
mitigation and adaptation decision making by planners, policy makers, and bilateral organisations as well as other external
stakeholders in providing sustainable environmental management policies.
Interpretation of Aeromagnetic Data for Gold Mineralisation Potential over Kabo and its Environs NW Nigeria
Augie A.I. and Sani A.A.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2)
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In this study, magnetic signatures were employed alongside with the geological settings in characterizing the structures that may host gold mineralization over Kabo and its environs. The interpretation of the aeromagnetic data extracted from the Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) maps of the nationwide was carried out using automated techniques which are; IGRF/DGRF computation, reduction to equator (RTE), analytic signal, first and second vertical derivatives. Results from analytic signal map showed the geological structures of basement complex trend NE-SW direction of the study area with associated Fe-oxide mineral species during the formation of both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks which revealed the existence gold mineralization potential in the study area. These regions were labelled as Zone A, which has the potentials of gold mineral due to present of ferromagnetic minerals as a result of mafic and ultramafic are more of Fe-bearing minerals (gold mineral) than that of felsic rock. The regions have covered the locations of; Shanono, Southern part of Kabo, Rimin Gado, Madobi, Garum Mallam, Bunkure and Rano LGAs of Kano State. The zones exhibit substantial magnetic anomaly that are more of ferromagnetic minerals such as gold mineralization potential.
Nutritional and Functional Properties of Guava Leaf Tea Supplemented with Moringa Leaf and Ginger Powder
Yusuf, A. B., Yahaya, T. O., Bichi, S. A. and Sahabi, M. A
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Herbal teas are receiving increasing attention from consumers because of their perceived nutritional and health benefits.
Current study evaluated the formulation of guava leaf teas supplemented with Moringa oleifera and dry ginger powder as
supporting and activating herbs respectively. The formulated herbal combinations were packed as dip tea bags designated M1
and M2. Nutritional composition, functional properties and anti-nutritional factors were investigated using standard analytical
methods of Association of Official Analytical chemist. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and results expressed as mean and
standard deviation. Result of proximate composition indicates that ash and moisture content were within Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) recommended standard. The result also revealed that the formulations contain appreciable
amount of all essential amino acids. Functional properties indicate that bulk density range from (0.39 - 0.36 g/cm3
), swelling
index (2.8 - 3.7 ml/g), reconstitution index (6.6 - 6.8 g/ml), water absorption capacity (83.52 - 89.65 ml/g) and pH (6.11- 6.22).
Selected micro nutrient estimated suggested that the composite blends are good sources of minerals like Zn, Ca and Fe which
are of public health importance. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that guava leaf tea supplemented with
moringa and ginger are good reservoir of macro and micro-nutrients with potential nutritional health benefits
A Conventional Double Boost Converter with Voltage Multiplier Cell for Photovoltaic (PV) Applications
Isah H., Sagagi Y. M., Tampul H. M.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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A double boost converter integrated with voltage multiplier cell for photovoltaic (PV) application and other renewables that
requires DC-DC step-up control is presented in this work. The new topology was constructed using two conventional boost
converters incorporated with voltage multiplier cell and it adopts only one active power switch. The merits of the converter
are higher voltage transfer ratio can be obtained at the expense of low duty-cycle and voltage stress across the semiconductor
devices is reduced to minimum. The operating principle and steady-state analysis of all the active components of the reported
converter were analyzed and presented in details. The simulation and theoretical analysis was done using 10 V DC input and
115 V DC output. Laboratory prototype of the proposed circuit was developed and tested with PV panel.
Burial Reconstruction and hydrocarbon generation predictions of Wytch Farm K1_25, Waddox Cross 1, Radipole 1 and Kimmeridge 5 Wells. Wessex Basin, UK
Abubakar R
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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The timing of maturity-development and hydrocarbon generation with respect to structuring is a primary factor controlling oil
and gas accumulation. Hydrocarbon generation is largely a temperature-dependent process and in order to predict accumulation
it is necessary to reconstruct thermal history. In this study of the Wessex Basin, direct thermal history data are obtained from
Apatite Fission Track Analysis (AFTA) on samples from wells, shallow boreholes and outcrops, enabling the key facets of a
complex thermal and tectonic history to be reconstructed. Several distinct styles of thermal history are recognized, with clear
differences across the region in the time of cooling from maximum palaeotemperatures. In most wells, AFTA and Rock Eval
data define low or non-linear palaeogeothermal gradients indicative of an element of heating due to fluid movement in addition
to heating due to burial, making quantitative estimation of erosion difficult, but any reasonable model requires kilometre-scale
uplift and erosion over a wide region. West of Portland in Lyme Bay, a key question is whether maturation history is dominated
by early Cretaceous or by mid- to late Tertiary events. At present there are not sufficient data to extrapolate confidently from
the area of well control east of Portland. No parts of the basin are currently generating hydrocarbons, implying that surface
seepages are from previously reservoired accumulations.
Effect of Factors Variation on the Adsorption of Cd2+ on Chemically Modified Agricultural Waste
Musah, M., 1Elele, U. U., 1Umar, M. T. and 2Umar, A.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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The effects of variation of time, adsorbent dosage, concentration and solution pH on the adsorption of Cd2+ from aqueous solution
were determined using standard methods of analysis. Results indicate that 83.49 % of Cd2+ was adsorbed after 30 minutes
interaction time and 0.2 g adsorbent dosage with concentration and pH kept at 10 mg/dm3
and 4 respectively; 92.11 % Cd2+ was
removed from solution when adsorbent dosage was increased to 1.0 g while time, concentration and pH remained unchanged. The
effect of adsorbent dosage on adsorption of Cd2+ positive and high (7.438) while the effects of concentration and pH were -6.622
and -4.532 respectively (negative effect). The experimental and calculated (predicted) value for each run falls closed to the straight
line with residual value of ≤ 2.00 indicating a good fit of the mode
Using Biomarkers to Investigate the Roles Played by Faults in the Variation in Crude Oil Distribution in the Wessex Basin, UK
Abubakar R
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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In this research, I examined the Wessex Basin, southern England geochemically, I investigated Potential hydrocarbon
migration pathways from the hanging wall of the Purbeck fault into Sherwood Sandstone reservoir at Wytch Farm using
geochemical characterisation of oils extracted from core materials from the Wessex Basin. These revealed oils found at
Stoborough and Waddock Cross are less mature than oils at Wytch Farm, which likely indicates spillage from the top of the
reservoir at Wytch Farm due to regional tilting and faulting. In addition, the geochemical data from the core materials also
show probable migration paths for oils found at Chickerell controlled by the two main faults in the Wessex Basin.
The Use of Indigenous Knowledge in Drought Disaster Forecasting in Northern Katsina State
Abdulrashid L.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Indigenous knowledge is sum of facts that are known or learned from experience or acquired through observation and study
and passed down from generation to generation. Indigenous knowledge of drought forecasting is among the local knowledge
gained by the present generation from the past generation. This work attempts to investigate the indigenous knowledge used
by the communities of semi-arid areas of Katsina state in forecasting/predicting the risk of drought disaster. Data were collected
through semi-structured interview with purposefully selected respondents and Focus Group Discussion. It was found that
indigenous knowledge of disaster monitoring, prediction and early warning is based on the observation of behaviors of animals,
birds, insects, shrubs, trees, wind, temperature, and cloud among others. Even though, the communities of northern Katsina
state face many natural hazards challenges, drought is among the major disaster experience over the years by the communities,
hence, they have evolved indigenous ways that helped them not only in predicting these natural disasters but also in devising
techniques and mechanism of dealing with them. Documentation of disaster risk reduction information and development of
disaster risk reduction policy were recommended to deal with the situation.
Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Amansiodo-1 well, Anambra Basin, Nigeria
Kovona M. T., Obiosio E.O., Najime T., Hamidu I., Nwaejije E.C.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic analyses were carried out on ditch cuttings samples from Amansiodo-1 well, Anambra
Basin Nigeria. The lithostratigraphic description revealed the lithologies to be mainly shales, sandstones, clays, mudstones coal
and siltstone. Biostratigraphic analysis shows a total of thirty benthonic foraminifera species recovered (twenty-six arenaceous
and four calcareous) as a result three benthonic foraminiferal zones Ammobaculites amabensis/Miliammina pindigensis
concurrent range zone, Haplophragmoides saheliense interval zone and Haplophragmoides talokaense interval zone was
proposed for the well. The study also revealed shallow marine depositional environment based on the triangular plot of
foraminifera suborders, paleobathymetric and paleo-oxygenation studies suggested the studied portion of the well belong to
the Mamu Formation in the Anambra Basin. The well sediments are dated Maastrichtian based on the presence of
Haplophragmoides saheliense an index fossil for Campanian –Maastrichtian.
Aluminium and Zinc Concentrations in Raw and Roasted Fishes Wrapped with Foil consumed in Keffi Town, Nigeria
Zaruwa, M. Z., Adam, N., Ubana, M. A., Muhammad B.Y., Ubaoji, K.I., Chukeze, E. J. and Bamidele, T. O.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Aluminum (Al) and Zinc (Zn) levels was compared in three commonly eaten fishes;, African cat fish (Herterobranchus longifilis),
tilapia fish (Tilapia niloticus) and cat fish (Synodontis clarias) to ascertain leaching from foil wrappers leading to toxicity. The
fishes were washed, wrapped in aluminum foil and stored in the refrigerator (40C) for 1.5 hr, some were roasted in the oven at
about 1500C. The fishes were chopped (fresh and roasted) and then homogenized into slurry. The slurry were transferred into test
tubes, centrifuged at 3000 G for 10 minutes and clear supernatant were collected aseptically and labeled (A1, 2, 3, B1, 2, 3 and C1, 2, 3).
The condiments used were weighed about 800 g/850 – 1200 g per fish, grinded into slurry, with a blender. The slurry was further
centrifuged at 3000 G for 10 minutes and the clear supernatant ascetically collected into clean test tubes (D1, 2, 3) and analyzed.
Three cone shaped foil (E1, 2, 3) holding 10 ml of distilled water were allowed to stand for 3 hrs and carefully placed in an oven and
heated (1200C) for 1.5 hr, was cooled and then analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian AA240). The
results obtained showed significant (p˂0.05) increase in Al and Zn levels, possibly due to temperature and pH factors. The Al and
Zn levels in the fish slurries was (0.127 ± 0.02 - 0.146 ± 0.03 mg/g) and (0.148 ± 0.03 – 0.180 ± 0.03 mg/g), respectively. These
were extremely below WHO recommended value of 1mg/day and 15 mg/day for Al and Zn respectively. This study contradicts the
media hype about toxic amount of Al and Zn leached into roasted fish in foil wrappers. Hence, the amount of Al and Zn in the
tested species of fish are below the acceptable WHO value and thus, not poisonous.
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of Cenomanian-Coniacian Succession Within Yolo Town, Part of the Gongola Sub-Basin, Northeastern Nigeria
Grema H.M., Abdulkarim M., Ibrahim H.A
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Field mapping, granulometric and micropaleontological analyses were employed to examine the lithostratigraphy and re-construct
the palaeo-depositional environments of the Cretaceous Pindiga and Yolde Formations within the Gongola sub-basin of the
Northern Benue Trough. The Yolde Formation is characterized by fine-grained, tabular and cross stratified sandstones intercalated
with silty-mudstone; with disharmonic, non-cylindrical folds which are consistent with soft sediment deformation that may be
result of hydroplastic slumping of unlithified sandstone beds in energized depositional environment. Grain size analyses indicate a
fluvial depositional environment with proximal sediment source. The Pindiga Formation is made up of mainly shales and
fossiliferous limestone. Foraminiferal assemblages from the Pindiga Formation are mainly of agglutinated benthic taxa dominated
by Haplophragmoides and Ammobaculites, which indicate brackish water, marsh to lagoon environment. However, their diversity
as well as abundance is low compared to the Ostracods, of which Ovocytheridea symmetrica with smooth shells and lack of
ornamentation suggest shallow marine depositional environment. The presence of both hypersaline (Cytherella sp.) and hyposaline
(Brachycythere ekpo) species in the study area also indicate a brackish water depositional environment.
Geochemical Characterization of Crude Oils from Tertiary Reservoir Units in Trinidad, Eastern Venezuela Basin
Abubakar, A. S. and Phillips, O. A.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Twelve crude oil samples from eight Tertiary reservoir units in Trinidad were analysed by using gas chromatography combined
with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)) to achieve their geochemical characterization. The specific objectives were to establish
genetic relationships between the oils; determine their maturity and source lithology; and unveil the environment of deposition
and extent of biodegradation. The biomarker characteristics established is an indication that the oils were generated from open
marine source rocks deposited in a reducing environment. This is consequent upon, the moderate pristane/phytane ratio (1.0-
2.0); carbon preference index (CPI) and odd over even preference (OEP) close to 1; low dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene ratios;
absence of 18α(H)-oleanane and; abundance of tricyclic terpanes. The oils are also characterised by high relative abundances
of regular steranes, diasteranae and hopanes compared to tricyclic terpanes and correlation between the set of analysed oils
also made possible. Overall, a single genetic type was established for the oils based on aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon
fractions contained. Biodegradation was clearly evident in the majority of samples analysed as demonstrated by the presence
of unresolved complex mixture and high Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18 values. Thermal maturity assessment based on saturated and
aromatic hydrocarbon maturity parameters showed that the oils are at least marginally mature and corresponds to the early oil
generation window.
Influence of Physicochemical Parameters on the Distribution of Soil Mycoflora from Lowland and Upland Soils
Tafinta, I.Y and Habsatu, S.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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From the research, a total of 132 isolates of 14 different fungal species belonging to 7 genera were isolated using dilution plate
technique on Potato dextrose agar incorporated with 1% streptomycin, from the upland and lowland agricultural fields of Usmanu
Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizophus, Alternaria, Saccharomyces, Trichoderma and Trichophytum
were identified microscopically using lacto-phenol cotton blue method and macroscopically by comparing the cultural and
morphological features with the help of authentic fungal manual and taxonomic key. Highest occurrence was obtained in
Aspergillus species (34.85%), followed by Fusarium spp. (20.45%) and the least was obtained in Alternaria spp. having only
2.27%. It was found that, the soil pH and Mg (pH= 8.3, Mg= 1.33cmol/kg) were significantly higher (P< 0.05) in lowland cultivated
soil sample (C) when compared with upland cultivated (A), upland (B) and lowland uncultivated (D). No significant difference
was observed in soil pH and Mg among the Upland cultivated (A), Upland (B) and lowland uncultivated soil samples. Organic
carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) values differ significantly (P<0.05) among the treatments. A strong negative
significant correlation between fungal abundance and pH (-0.63) was observed at P<0.05, and also a negative, moderate and non-
significant correlation observed with sand availability (-0.43), while a weak and negative correlation exists between the fungi,
magnesium (Mg) and clay availability with -0.31 and -0.35 respectively. However, a very strong positive correlation exists between
the moisture contents (MC) 0.62, sodium (Na) 0.62 and the fungal abundance, with a moderate one between the fungi and organic
carbon (OC) 0.55, potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) with 0.51 all at P<0.05 significant level.
Clastic-carbonate Facies, Clay Mineralogy and Depositional Setting of Sekuliye Formation Sediments, Yola Sub-basin, Northern Benue Trough, Nigeria
Sarki Yandoka B. M. and Kwaya M. Y
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Sedimentary facies (clastic lithofacies and carbonate microfacies) and clay mineralogy (clay mineral facies) studies were
conducted on Sekuliye Formation sediments from Yola Sub-basin with aim of re-interpreting the paleodepositional setting.
Based on this study, three (3) lithofacies and three (3) microfacies were recognised. Lithofacies and microfacies therefore,
suggests deposition in coastal-shallow marine/shelf (ramp) environment underlow-energy condition. Body fossils such as
bivalves, crinoids, brachiopods and bryozoans dominates the sediments which indicate shelf or ramp depositional setting.
Kaolinite, montmorillonite, glauconite and illite are the major clay minerals which indicates deposition in continental shelfor
open marine shore settings.
Impact of Pit-Latrines on the Physicochemical Quality of Ground Water in Shinko and Doubeli Wards, Yola North LGA, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Ahmad, A., Chessed, G., Daskum, A. M and Shitta, K. B.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Diffusion of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater is believed to affect human health negatively.
In this study, the effect of pit latrines on ground water quality and their physicochemical properties in was assessed. Non probability
sampling was employed in selecting twenty households with well or borehole for water sample collection. Lateral distance between
water sources and the nearest latrine in a household were determined. Ten water samples were collected from ten different sources,
5 each from wells and boreholes in the Doubeli and Shinko wards, Yola North Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Distance of dug-out wells to pit latrines were used to compare the physicochemical parameters of water samples from the study
area. Other parameters studied include pH and Turbidity between wet and dry seasons, respectively. Results obtained shows that
most water sources are closer to pit latrines. The mean pH (6.3) obtained is within the standard range of pH 7.2. While overall
mean conductivity (512.1) of ground water in both locations and across seasons was far beyond the recommended (7.8) for standard
conductivity, the mean Total Dissolved Solids (256.2) of ground water in both locations and across both season is still above the
standard (3.6.l). These variation from the standard may be due to the relatively close distance of water sources (Wells and boreholes)
to pit latrines, hence the reason for contamination observed.
Petrology of Pyrite bearing Sandstones: Inference for Reservoir Rock Quality and Paleoredox Conditions
Ali A. M. and Kwaya M. Y
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Pyrites are usually indicators of paleoredox conditions and hydrocarbon generation from organic matter. This study investigates
the mineralogy, chemical composition and reservoir quality of the pyritic sandstones found in Lambir Formation of Onshore West
Baram Delta, Sarawak Basin, which was selected because the prolific occurrence of hydrocarbon in the adjacent Miri Formation
has not been equally reflected in the Lambir Formation, despite their similarity in age (Miocene). X-ray diffraction of the collected
samples identified the presence of quartz, hematite and pyrite, while X-ray fluorescence confirmed the silicate, iron and sulfate
composition. The petrographic analysis shows the lithic samples are friable and highly porous (27%).The unstable more soluble
reduced or ferrous iron (Fe2+), indicated by the pyrite content, suggest water-logged soils, euxinic marine and organic-rich saline
waters, all denoting anoxic environments. The pyrite hinders quartz cementation, as indicated by the friability of the rock samples.
It also fills the pore spaces and reorganizes the detrital grains in a preferential alignment to create micro-laminations. Based on the
high content of syngenetic pyrite, it can be inferred that the thermochemical generation of sulfate could have led to the destruction
or depletion of hydrocarbon in the Lambir Formation.
Spatial Distribution and Contamination Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Badagry Creek, southwest Nigeria
Phillips, O. A. ; Abubakar, A.S., Adebayo, A. J.
Savanna Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(1)
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Heavy metals in surface sediments from Badagry Creek in southwest Nigeria were studied to evaluate their spatial
distributions, degree of contamination and possible ecological risk. Aqua regia technique was used for digestion of the
pulverized sediments (< 63 m) and, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used
for quantification of the heavy metals. Contamination indices including modified degree of contamination (mCd),
pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) were used to assess the extent
of contamination of the creek sediments. The results showed that the overall average concentrations (ppm) of heavy
metals of concern are 14.6 (Cu), 9.8 (Pb), 49.9 (Zn), 19.3 (Ni), 18.9 (Co), 702.5 (Mn), 1.8 (As) and 0.7 (Cd). The
decreasing order of heavy metal enrichment in sediments is Cd > As > Co > Zn > Pb > Cu ≥ Ni. The resulting Pearson’s
correlation matrix and dendrograms from cluster analysis identified aluminium as a conservative tracer to differentiate natural
(lithogenic) and anthropogenic components. Also, the values of threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL)
were used to assess the ecotoxicological potential of heavy metal concentrations in sediments. Results indicated that metal
concentrations are below the threshold effect level (TEL), except, cadmium in all stations and; Ni, in western segment and
33.3 % of stations in eastern segment of the creek. Interestingly, Cd and Ni are not near the probable effect level (PEL),
therefore, all the heavy metals examined are not likely to produce harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms.